Post-War Changes to British Society

Post-War Changes to British SocietyLife is to a greater extent diffident straightway than it was in the early 1950s. Discuss this claim.IntroductionThe welf be deposit, which was a feature of 1950s Britain was predicated on an optimistic view of the world, and one which anticipated that British friendly institutions such as the family would remain the same. However, increased technological change, post-war immigration policy and a fluctuating world market brought such certainties into question. Britain rapidly became a more(prenominal)(prenominal) liberal and culturally diverse society and this had implications in almost every atomic number 18a of kind life. This paper will examine the view that life is more uncertain now than it was in the early 1950s. In doing so it will examine knowledge, particularly religious knowledge, the concept of the family, and the processes of globalization.The FamilyIn the 1950s the institution of the family was seen as one of the best ways of o rdering our lives. It was the primary instruwork forcet of socialization where children learned the norms and values of the society in which they lived. The transformation of family life and of family forms has been unprecedented in the last thirty long time the traditional nuclear family of father, mother and children, has been challenged and in some(a) cases abandoned in favour of other ways of living.1Some of these changes have get in somewhat as the result of the feminist challenge to patriarchal power and the patriarchal nature of the traditional family. Prior to the Second World War men were the family breadwinners and women stayed at home to look after the children and to tend to the husbands needs. From the mid-nineteen fifties onwards women started to re-enter the workplace in increasing numbers. This gave women more choices about how they would live their lives, such choices were not available in the early nineteen fifties but the late twentieth century and twenty first centuries are characterized by a diversity of family forms. The nuclear family no longer dominates, now we have step families, lone parent families and cohabiting same sex couples, all real alongside the nuclear family. Statistics on these distinct family forms have been used by Conservative Governments to claim that there is a breakdown of the traditional family and this has led to a much wider moral decay in society.2 There has also been concern over mens power and role in family life and the implications this may have for social order (Phillips, 1997).3 Phillips argues that the decline in the family may lead to the death of fatherhood and could have implications for mens health and their sons development. It refers not only to changes in the family but to the fact that these changes could also bring about the destruction of the things which hold society together. Feminists on the other hand get the change in family forms because they have challenged the patriarchal nature o f the nuclear family in the same way as they have challenged the patriarchal nature of religion.Religious noesisPrior to the Enlightenment religious knowledge was regarded as authoritative. Religious knowledge is knowledge that is base on revealed truths rather than empirical data or scientific experimentation. Although sometimes scholarship and religion are interested in the same questions such as the history of the world and the nature of humnity4 The rise in scientific knowledge called the claims of religion into question and the late twentieth century has seen this questioning in the form of a massive decline in Church attendance.5 In spite of this Armstrong (1999)6 has said that since the 1970s religion has been high on the successionnda in the forms of the Christian Right in the States and the tensions between Jews and Muslims in the pump East. Marx, Durkheim and Weber, the acknowledged fathers of the social sciences, predicted that increased industrialization and new te chnologies would bring massive social change and that this would result in secularization.7 Certainly on the surface this appears to be occurring, Church attendance has declined since the 1950s and education and welfare, which were once functions performed by the Church, have been taken over by the state. In asset to this, other forms of knowledge, such as science, appear to have more credibility than religious knowledge.8 It might be said that religious knowledge remains to the extent that it provides some kind of answers to questions that science has so far failed to answer, such as where we go when we die. Social scientists have defined religion in two ways, the substantive definitions say what religion is piece functionalist definitions say what religion does. Emile Durkheim (1912/1965) for example described religion as a sort of social glue which held society together. Durkheim believed that although religion would remain, it would, over time, change its form9 Thus, because r eligion served a social function, traditional religious services might be replaced by other traditional gatherings such as Thanksgiving in America (Bellah, 1970).10 Max Weber (1904/1930) on the other hand said that religion gave meaning to quite a littles actions eg. the Protestant work ethic Weber11 Weber believed that when people became disenchanted with the supernatural content of religion then religion would die out. Peter Berger (1967) has said of religion thatreligion is the audacious attempt to conceive of the integral universe as being humanly significant (Berger, 196728).12The search for significance public exposures across cultures. In the 1950s Britain was still seen as a largely Christian country and the Church of England was the established Church, the official religion. Mass immigration from 1948 onwards has meant that Britain is now a multi-cultural and multi-faith society. At the same time feminists have challenged the masculine separatrix contained within tradit ional religious knowledge and say that womens experiences of religion have been ignored. The secularization thesis holds that religion is dying out but the maculation with religious knowledge is not as simple as that, rather the situation is changing, and so traditional beliefs are called into question. This questioning tends to make people more uncertain of the beliefs they hold than might previously have been the case. Such changes are not confined to Britain but appear to be taking place on a global scale.GlobalisationSince the 1950s the world has witnessed broad changes in transportation, in technology, communications and agriculture. Increased trade flow between different countries and the spread of capitalism has meant that the borders between nations are not as fixed as they once were and diverse societies are moving closer together.13 There are differing views on globalization and these can be broadly defined in the following ways. Globalists, argue that we are witnessing changes that are being felt across the world and that more and more nation states are becoming less autonomous. Internationalists on the other hand do not hold this view, they believe that the global movements we are seeing are not a new phenomenon. Although international activity may appear to have intensified in recent years they argue that in some areas this has strengthened state powers.14 The third view is that of the transformationalists who say that globalization has created new circumstances which are transforming state powers. Transformationalists say that although the outcome may be uncertain politics can no longer be the preserve of unmarried nation states. This is because the social and political contexts are changing and this has implications for the way states operate.15 The information age as personified by the internet, satellite television and mobile phones means that people can communicate across the globe in almost an instant. Global stinting changes can affect many different societies, some benefit from this and some end up worse than they were before. This has led Giddens (1999) to say that we are living in a runaway world that is propelled by forces that are beyond our understanding.16 Held (1995) has argued that nation states are defined by their borders and the forces of globalization are breaching those borders and threatening the autonomy of individual states.Large corporations such as Microsoft control global markets hold considerable power, such power could end up in the hands of a a few(prenominal) individuals and would thus become domination (Allen, 2004). Technology has the power to influence the way we see people and places, for example we may no longer have to call up a bank to pay our bills but can do it online. In this way the physical distances between people become unimportant.17 Globalisation means that wheresoever we live our lives may be determined by forces that are outside our control. Theorists who take this posit ion see globalization as a threat to different social and cultural histories and to collective and individual action.18 Globalists argue that attempts to resist the forces of globalization are doomed to failure, rather we should welcome changes such as new technologies which may help to reduce pollution in the world.Internationalists are skeptical about these changes and argue against the idea that there has been a fundamental shift in social relations. They believe that nation states still have the power to order their own economies and determine their own welfare regimes. They do however point to the inequalities that women and unskilled workers may face due to the forces of big business and global capitalism. Transformationalists agree that to some extent nation states have remained autonomous but they also say that the effectuate of globalization cannot be dismissed. The effects of globalization are uncertain and uneven, they have produced changes in the way we live and these c hanges need to be studied. They argue that the forms of globalization are not necessarily irreversible but may call for new structures and forms of governance.ConclusionThe late twentieth and early twenty first centuries have brought with them vast changes to life in Britain. In the early nineteen fifties peoples futures seemed secure and this security was bolstered by Government claims that the introduction of the welfare state meant that people would be looked after from the cradle to the grave. History shows that this was an over optimistic claim and the notion of full employment on which the welfare state was based has not been realized. In the last thirty years advances in many different areas have drastically changed life for a large percentage of the population. pietism is no longer so authoritative as it once was, and many children are not growing up in traditional families. In addition to these things Britain is now part of the European Union and contact with people of oth er nations is becoming a normal part of life. The notion of security that existed in the years following the war were based on idealistic visions of the future and this may be why we now view life as more uncertain.Bibliography concord 3 v2 control 4 v.2Book 5 v.2Armstrong, K 1999 Where has God gone Newsweek twelfth July pp 56-7Bellah, R 1970 Beyond Belief New York, Harper and actors lineBerger, P. 1967 The unspeakable Canopy New York, DoubledayGiddens, A 1999 Runaway World, The BBC Reith Lectures London, BBC Radio 4, BBC EducationPhillips, M.. 1997 Death of the Dad The Observer 2nd November 19971Footnotes1 Book 3 v.22 Book 3 v2 rapscallion 683 Phillips, M.. 1997 Death of the Dad The Observer 2nd November 19974 Book 5 vs p.535 Book 5 v.26 Armstrong, K 1999 Where has God gone Newsweek 12th July pp 56-77 The removal of the public functions of religion to the private sphere8 Book 5 v2 p.529 Ibid p, 5710 Bellah, R 1970 Beyond Belief New York, Harper and Row11ibid12 Berger, P. 1967 Th e Sacred Canopy New York, Doubleday13 Book 4 v.2 see page 914 Ibid see page 1115 ibid16 Giddens, A 1999 Runaway World, The BBC Reith Lectures London, BBC Radio 4, BBC Education17 Ibid page 1818 Ibid page 21