The Problem Of Global Warming :: Greenhouse Effect Climate Change

The Problem of Global WarmingThe problem of global warming, an increase in the average temperature onEarth, is getting worse. The Earth has warmed 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius sincethe late 1800s. Scientists reckon that the cause is the greenhouse effect, theprocess of trapping heat in the Earths atmosphere because of the presence oflarge amounts of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrogenoxides. Less oxygen is being produced and cleanup position the atmosphere allowing moreof these gases to do its work on the environment.Automobiles exhausts atomic number 18 just one of the contributors to this problem.The burning of fossil fuels is another major influence to the increase in globaltemperature as well. The destruction of the rainforests and all forests andtrees in general, is another. Every car produces enough gases from its exhaustinto the atmosphere that takes a mature tree to clean in about five years.Trees keep the air clean for the environment by taking the ga ses in and producesoxygen out of it. By cutting down the trees we are allowing for more of thecarbon to be exposed into the atmosphere.Another factor that most people would not consider in the raising ofglobal warming is the excretion of cows. Cows produces tons of carbon that doesnot all get treated for, and is in the top five for highest amounts of carbonproduced per year. This is another factor that somehow has to be dealt with.All of these causes of global warming have been know by scientists, itsthe effects we are ticking in todays climate now they had no idea of. natural rubberglaciers are melting and causing the oceans water level to rise. It has beproven that if the water level were to rise anymore then we wont be able to seethe state of Louisiana anymore or any coastal areas anywhere. Louisiana isalready having there wetlands filled by the floods. The polar bear is another slip of the effects of global warming. Its habitat is decreasing and so areits numbers. Global warm ing affects the polar bear by melting the arctic snowand allowing it to famish longer then it usually does. The polar bear leaves

Female Discrimination In The Labor Force Essay -- Gender Discriminatio

Female Discrimination in the Labor ForceIn the past decades there has been a dramatic increase in the number ofwomen participating in the savvy coerce. This expansion has unfortunately shownhow women are still cosmos treated as inferior citizens when comparing theirwages and the jobs they are hired for to that of men. Many women in similaroccupations as men, and having the same qualifications are only pay a fractionof what their male counterparts are paid. The only reasonable explanation thatcan be found for this income gap is discrimination. This unfair interference shownthroughout the handouts lucubrate how far people still have to go before adequatetreatment becomes standard.The increase in female participation started occurring during the 1970s.The number of women in the civil labor force jumped from 23 million in the1960s to 31 million in the 1970s. This leap would continue and increase inthe 1980s and on into the 1990s. The result, in 1995, is a female labor forcethat numbers over 60 million. This comprised 46 percent of the civilian workforce (10).A reason for the rise in participation by women may be in the way womensaw spousal and children. Fewer women saw marriage as a settling down. Womenwho had children began to payoff to their jobs. The number of working womenthat were either married or had children or both increased dramatically. In1965, women with children under 18 years of age numbered 35.0 percent of thelabor force. This number increased to 47.4 percent in 1975. In ten years itwas 62.1 percent and finally in 1995 it had grown to 69.7 percent (7). Thisshowed that the female attitude towards having children and marriage has removed.According to the handouts, in 1970 women were paid poorly when comparedto their male counterparts. The female worker had a median yearly earning of 19,101 dollars. This was only 59.4 percent of what the males made. This doesstart to change in the 1980s as female earnings rose to 60.2 percent of mens.Five ye ars later it had reached 64.6 percent. By 1990, the females earningshad risen to 71.6 percent of what a human being would make (2).Women in the workplace have always been discriminated against. Eversince the first women started to work... ... that women werein some way not as accomplished or workmanlike as men. Yet, a more in depthinvestigation would show that women are just as qualified, if not more so, thanmen. A principal of equal pay for equal work should be employed by allbusinesses and would definitely close the income gap.Most people want to correct the unequal treatment of women in the workforce. One method that can be used to support equality would be to introduce afederal legislation to contract equal pay for equal work if there isnt acealready. The logistical problem with this solution though would be great. Howwould people measure the value of one persons work to anothers? Who woulddecide this and how would it be implemented? Much still has to be done beforethis imp ortant issue is laid to rest.Peoples attitudes towards women in the work force is slowly starting tochange. More opportunities are appearing for women workers. The unequaltreatment of working women go out take years to change, but change is occurring.This topic will remain until the day people are treated and paid equally basedupon their abilities and not anything else.

morgan horses :: essays research papers

Justin Morgan was a living legend. Born in 1789, Justin Morgan started life as a small, rough-coated colt kn bear as "Figure." Gradually, the local population began to talk most the feats of "the Justin Morgan horse". Justin Morgan also proved to be one of the greatest breeding horses of all time. While most breeds develop by breeding horses of similar characteristics to all(prenominal) other, Justin Morgans ability to pass his characteristics to his offspring for generations to come allowed this single stallion to found an entire breed in his likeness. Today, every registered Morgan traces back to Justin Morgan through his best-known sons Bulrush, Sherman, and Woodbury. As America grew so did the feats of the Morgan. During the Civil War, Morgans served as cavalry mounts and artillery horses. A cavalryman was that as good as his horse and the Morgan is mentioned in legion(predicate) sources as a highly desired horse during the Civil War. The First Vermont Caval ry, mounted entirely on Morgans, gained a simple spread reputation as a fighting unit. The first Morgan Horse Register was published in 1894. In the Civil War, the famed Vermont Cavalry was mounted on Morgan horses. Not only did the Unions General Sheridan ride his Morgan Rienzi, Stonewall Jackson rode his Morgan, Little Sorrel, for the Confederacy as well In the Indian Wars, the only survivor in the Battle of the little risky Horn was Keoghs Morgan-bred horse Comanche. Crosses to the fastest Morgan blood produced the great speed of todays racing Standard breds. The foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking horse, Allen F-1, was a grandson of the Morgan stallion Bradfords Telegraph. The oldest of all American breeds the Morgan was strong enough to contribute greatly to almost every other American light horse breed while retaining its own identity across two centuries. In barns and show rings across the country, the Morgan show horses flash by with heads high, eyes bright, and nostr ils wide - Morgan quality showing in every hair on their gleaming, muscular bodies. The Morgan legend has also spread around the world. Morgans worked along side their owners clearing fields and forests. By locating second, third, and fourthly generation descendants of the original Morgan horse, they established the foundations of the breed. The majority of Morgans, however, did their daily work willingly and efficiently. They were highly regarded as general-purpose horses capable of performing a wide variety of tasks.

Electrolux Acquiring Zanussi Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursewo

Electrolux Acquiring ZanussiElectrolux The Acquisition and Integration of Zanussi1) How would you describe the key characteristics of Electrolux and Zanussi in 1983, in terms of strategy, organization, capabilities, and exercise?International acquisitions have become an extremely important vehicle for growth for multinational companies. In this case, and because of the particular industry in which Electrolux operated in, the bm of the whole whatsis industry was facing a long period of crisis. Although Electrolux was and still is one of the largest manufacturers of white appliances, many other manufacturers were now taking grocery share extraneous from the Swedish company. For display case, Philips and Siemens were now introducing a complete and economic line of brand new appliances. Electroluxs core line of work was vacuum dry cleaners and absorption-type refrigerators. Electrolux was and still is the regular Swedish firm, which emphasizes on down to earth management everyone works and keeps his word and all the information is correct. The firm emphasis on applied science and advancement and the shopping center management is open to advises from the workers. only if at the core of Electrolux railway line strategy was the aggressive plan to expand through acquisitions. First, Electrolux concentrated on acquiring firms in the Scandinavian Area. Then the company continued focusing in purchasing companies that had assets but were non profitable so that they could turn their business around. After making more than 200 acquisitions in 40 countries, Electrolux was certainly one of the most experienced companies on the global scene as furthermost as acquisition. But another important aspect of Electrolux, which helped them, maintaining attractership was the companys great flexibility concerning new increases and especially their attitude towards that company which excelled in some business where Electrolux was weaker. The greatest example of this was whe n the company purchased Husqvarna, a reach saw manufacturer, and how in little time, through this wise take over, Electrolux found itself as the world leader in chain saw manufacturers.Electrolux never went looking for acquisition or bankrupt companies their policy was to keep their eyes open that things will come by themselves. When Electrolux was ready to contract a company, the financial statements of that company were very important. ... ...on productions, ranging from refrigerators to vacuum cleaners to chain saws, in more than 150 countries.After 1988, Electrolux acquired more companies, not only for product expansion but also for expansion in emerging markets. Electrolux grew steadily and its sales amount to SEK117 billion in 1999 comparing to 67 billion in 1987. Electrolux signed an agreement with sharp to sell its products in the Japanese market. In 1990 they expanded its presence in the US alfresco product market by acquiring Allegretti & Co. In 1991 they also acquire Lehel, a Hungarian white goods company, and they introduce the low energy line of refrigerators. By this leave Leif Johansson is appointed president. 1994 was the seventy-fifth birthday for Electrolux. In 1996 they expanded in Brasil by acquiring Refripar and the next year the company announced a major(ip) restructuring plan with the end of improving its profitability. By 1998, Electrolux got out of the business of sewing machines, agricultural implements, interior decorating equipment, kitchen and bathroom cabinets and heavy-duty laundry equipment. Now, Electrolux core business consists of home appliances, professional appliances and outdoor products. Electrolux Acquiring Zanussi Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing CoursewoElectrolux Acquiring ZanussiElectrolux The Acquisition and Integration of Zanussi1) How would you describe the key characteristics of Electrolux and Zanussi in 1983, in terms of strategy, organization, capabilities, and performance?International acquisitions have become an extremely important vehicle for growth for multinational companies. In this case, and because of the particular industry in which Electrolux operated in, the trend of the whole appliance industry was facing a long period of crisis. Although Electrolux was and still is one of the largest manufacturers of white appliances, many other manufacturers were now taking market share away from the Swedish company. For example, Philips and Siemens were now introducing a complete and economic line of brand new appliances. Electroluxs core business was vacuum cleaners and absorption-type refrigerators. Electrolux was and still is the typical Swedish firm, which emphasizes on down to earth management everyone works and keeps his word and all the information is correct. The firm emphasis on technology and advancement and the middle management is open to advises from the workers.But at the core of Electrolux business strategy was the aggressive plan to expand through ac quisitions. First, Electrolux concentrated on acquiring firms in the Scandinavian Area. Then the company continued focusing in purchasing companies that had assets but were not profitable so that they could turn their business around. After making more than 200 acquisitions in 40 countries, Electrolux was certainly one of the most experienced companies on the global scene as far as acquisition. But another important aspect of Electrolux, which helped them, maintaining leadership was the companys great flexibility concerning new products and especially their attitude towards that company which excelled in some business where Electrolux was weaker. The greatest example of this was when the company purchased Husqvarna, a chain saw manufacturer, and how in little time, through this wise take over, Electrolux found itself as the world leader in chain saw manufacturers.Electrolux never went looking for acquisition or bankrupt companies their policy was to keep their eyes open that things will come by themselves. When Electrolux was ready to acquire a company, the financial statements of that company were very important. ... ...on products, ranging from refrigerators to vacuum cleaners to chain saws, in more than 150 countries.After 1988, Electrolux acquired more companies, not only for product expansion but also for expansion in emerging markets. Electrolux grew steadily and its sales amount to SEK117 billion in 1999 comparing to 67 billion in 1987. Electrolux signed an agreement with sharp to sell its products in the Japanese market. In 1990 they expanded its presence in the US outdoor product market by acquiring Allegretti & Co. In 1991 they also acquire Lehel, a Hungarian white goods company, and they introduce the low energy line of refrigerators. By this date Leif Johansson is appointed president. 1994 was the 75th birthday for Electrolux. In 1996 they expanded in Brasil by acquiring Refripar and the next year the company announced a major restructuring plan w ith the purpose of improving its profitability. By 1998, Electrolux got out of the business of sewing machines, agricultural implements, interior decorating equipment, kitchen and bathroom cabinets and heavy-duty laundry equipment. Now, Electrolux core business consists of household appliances, professional appliances and outdoor products.

Essay --

Almost all young men hit a point in life where his mindset transitions from the imagined indestructability to the comprehension of humanity. Many see it as a steady change with no definite stage of illumination, nonetheless a sequences of open-minded phases or the stepping stones into maturity. For a select few, there is an insight, bounded by a catastrophic occurrence that incites a renovation in ones outlook on something. Whichever comes to play, the unavoidable renovation subsists. The short story fulsome Lake by Thomas Coraghessan Boyle exposes this rational alteration in three young but undeveloped men as they face a chain of faults, penalties, and reiteration. fat Lake is an extremely polished short story that hints the proceedings rising up to the young mens major transition. This coming of age story stooge definitely be realistic to comparable tales of men all throughout the biosphere as an imprinted transitional event leading to maturity. For the individuals in this story, a domino import of problems reveals probable and definite penalties rising to this transition. In the very beginning of this short story, the author lays one of the most significant foreshadows, that depicts immature to mature, and how the characters think they are tougher than they genuinely are. Describing the bad things the boys do the narrator states, We wore torn-up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed gluewe drank gin and grape juice. We were nineteen. We were bad (306). It was almost as if Mr. Boyle wanted the reader to think the boys were full of themselves and to think that the boys were trying to act older than what their mindset holds. The boys perceived their mirror image as the archetype o... ...ble. (309). The characters repetition of their pristine clarification of life originates in the arrangement of a second chance contribution to justify their malevolent guy identity that they preferred previously. As the characters assembl e their views and mirror on the previous happenings, two older ladies in a Mustang enter into the lot. The girls were not looking for the decease body that was lifelessly bobbing up in down the lake. No, that would make the ending too non-predictable the girls from the Mustang epitomize an alternative chance to satisfy the boys malevolent behaviors. Beforehand stand simple takings, girls in cheeseparing jeans and stiletto heels (310) holding a vast number of narcotics and enticement in which they were in desperate exploration for one long night earlier, but with the darks happenings still new in their attention, Digby declines.

Film Essay - Cultural Turmoil in Francis Ford Coppola’s Movie, Apocalyp

Cultural Turmoil in Francis crossroad Coppolas Apocalypse Now The era of the 1960s was whiz of change, just like so many of the enduring songs say. With words like revolution and freedom being used to promote movements that changed our society forever. The most strategic being the Civil Rights movement, and arguably the most influential the sexual revolution. While great new ideas and beliefs were starting to take root, morals and social constructs that had been established were endanger of being lost in the mix. The moral code that had endured for so long was suddenly overlooked, or overpowered by a generation that was not interesting in listening to the older, conventional generations. The pressure to find new ways of thinking made it hard to know what was right and what was wrong, to know which beliefs to hold on to and which ones to replace. Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now reflects the cultural turmoil that developed in the 1960s. Coppola uses the knowledge of a perso n who lived in that time to magnify musical, cultural icon, Coppola uses Willard to steer the content of the film surpasses the content of the meaning. Captain Kilgore is the tyrannical irresponsible leader, and Lance is the youth who is a victim of his time. Coppolas portrayal of the Vietnam War could be considered amplified by his artistic imagination. What sets the Vietnam War apart from previous war--the World Wars-- is that this was the first war that was televised. For the first time in history true to life visuals were broadcast into the homes of American civilians as the war was happening. The perspective of war changed forever. When Coppola set out to recreate the events in Vietnam in 1979, he did it with this knowledge th... ...lings, funneled through the immature emotional hyaloplasm of soldiers. This is more than just a movie, its an exploration of the cultural ramifications that came during the 1960s, in part because of the Vietnam War.Works CitedBrantling er, Patrick. Heart of Darkness Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism? Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. capital of Massachusetts Bedford, 1996.Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. Boston Bedford, 1996.Coppola, Francis Ford. Apocalypse Now. Omni Zoetrope Studios, 1979.Grieff, Louis K. Soldier, Sailor, Surfer, Chef Conrads Ethics and the Margins of Apocalypse Now. Lit-Film-Quarterly. 20.3(1992) 188-98.Miller, J. Hillis. Heart of Darkness Revisited. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. Boston Bedford, 1996.

Apology Paper

Apology Paper In the Apology by Plato, the scene is set up on the instrument panel Socrates is standing in expect of his accusers, Meletus, Lycon and Anytus. He is defending for himself against the four blushs brought by the accusers. Socrates is charged with inquiring the heaven and searching things beneath the earth, a Sophist, not believing the god of Athens, and degrading the youth. Therefore, border him was a group of wealthy young audiences. In the Apology, Socrates is defending for himself as well as prophesies to those who condemned him.Although Socrates died, only when he never convicted of his charges even at the drop dead moment, he warns the condemners and accusers will soon be punished by his son. In my opinion, if I were on the jury, I would to a fault find Socrates as not vicious. Socrates violates none of the four charges, and by his eloquence, he embarrassed his accuser in front of the public, especially the wealthy young group of nation and leading the defen se on the jury and trap the accuser. According to the four charges on Socrates, the first one is Physicist, which is inquiring in the heaven and searching for things beneath the earth.Socrates uses two points for his defense, the falsehood that Socrates is a Physicist and Aristophanes. In the Dialogue, and took possession of your minds with their falsehoods Socrates thinks that the jury is judging unjustly for his charge, for those people who are being told that he is a Physicist since child. By remissness, those people are tended to think of the Physicist side. The word default means the natural tendency of thinking him as a Physicist in the first place.Later in the dialogue, Socrates saves his defense by using Aristophanes comedy as an example. Aristophanes, also known as the father of comedy, he has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than anybody else. With such a great line being mentioned in front of the public, it is far more convincing that Socrates is not in the charge of Physicist, since Socrates treats the charge as watching a comedy which tells folderal theory. Therefore, Socrates on the jury claimed that Meletus could not charge him for that. O Athenians that I build nothing to do with these studies. The above statement shows the denial of Socrates of being a Physicist, he did not inquiring the heavens and below the earth. In my opinions, Socrates is obviously not wicked for the charges. He never was a Physicist, and even if he is, he would have search for explanation of the God, and knowing the cause of some Myths and use scientific approach to find the answer. The most important fact about(predicate) Physicist is that they dont believe in God, they believe in evidences and proofs instead. But Socrates does believe in God.Besides, I found no sign of Socrates in doing anything scientific. Instead, he is trying to holler out out the people who he met are present here to witness the truth. The second charge aga inst Socrates is he making the worse argument into the better argument, this charge identified Socrates with the Sophists, a Sophists is a tutor who charged for tutoring the youths for a career in politics by teaching them how to make a convincing arguments and travelled from city to city to teach the youth. If I were on the jury, I would give a vote for him for not guilty.First of all, Socrates in the dialogue seems to separate him from the Sophists group, he jokes about if he able to teach, he would honor his student to pay him. Later he quotes other great philosopher as his argument, he is honoring those great people have the knowledge to persuade the youth to leave their own citizens, with such privilege that is certainly worth some money. Also he told the story of Hipponicuss son and the way he interprets is convinced that Socrates lacks any knowledge in teaching other people. My poverty is a sufficient witness. Furthermore, Socrates is using his poverty direct as a proof and a strong argument against Sophist, yet if he is charging fee for exhortation, it would if brought him out of poverty and living in luxury. But end-to-end the dialogue, there are plenty of places where Socrates stated that he have no money, But you see that I have none, and nooky only ask you to analogy the fine to my means. If he have the money, he would if volunteer to make an offer for the proposal for the sentence, instead of keep saying he have no money.As a conclusion, Socrates never travelled nor charged people money and living the life of poverty. It is very hard for me to think of Socrates doing the same as the Sophist, therefore I would brought in a verdict of not guilty for Socrates. The third charge for Socrates is corrupting the youth, what evil does he practic or teach? They do not know, and cannot tell. Socrates introduced his defense save saying group of wealthy young men came across him and getting angry with him for finding out that they really know nothing an d call him the misleader of youth.But they cant even point out what particular thing that Socrates had corrupted them, his argument was how he corrupted the youth when nobody can tell what Socrates teach. Furthermore, Socrates uses his facile brilliantly to embarrass his accuser Meletus. Socrates brought out Meletus and constantly ask him question and set him up to step on the trap. The tricks that Socrates is trying to do is to make Meletus contradicts himself. From the point of the jury, I would say he is not guilty for corrupting the youth.On the jury, Socrates pretends that he is the corrupter and asks for the people who he have given them advice to be his accusers, then he followed by a long list of names that he come across with. Besides, Socrates uses the word produce to emphasize his argument that Meletus should have produce some of witness that Socrates had gave them detrimental advice and Socrates even volunteer to make way them. Judging from this point, I certainly know that Socrates is telling the truth and he is confident that he is not corrupting the youth.Besides, I also think that the charge of corrupting the youth is linked with other charges, like the Sophist charge, the Sophist were very distrusted by Athenians, if Socrates is found guilty for Sophist, he is certainly corrupting the youth too, vice versa. Besides, the analogy of the training of the horse is a convincing point, yet the young men also carry training by a skilled teacher, and most people cannot do it, unless those youth are same as the horses. Therefore, he is found not guilty for corrupting the youth.The last charge against Socrates is not believed in the god of Athens, this charge is probably a follow-up of the first charge, Physicist. If you do not believe in the god of Athens, than you must be worshipping other god, therefore, Socrates accusers think he is inquiring the heaven and searching for thing beneath the earth. In order to defense against he, Socrates further ask s Meletus question by interrogating him to what extent is mean by not the same gods which Athens recognizes. Later Socrates regards the sun as stone and doubt about if Meletus is accusing Anaxagoras instead. You really think that I do not believe in any god? This quote clearly shows Socrates argument, as Socrates are being criminate on the jury, he defend himself by questioning Meletus of not knowing his belief. Socrates horsemanship and flute-playing is definitely dubious for Meletus, as he did not answer the question but get up an interruption. For the judgment here, I would say Socrates is not guilty for not believing the god of Athens as he does believe in gods of Athens. In his defense, Socrates admitted that he do believe in divine beings, it must be spirits or demigod and he claims and make Meletus to say that Socrates is an disbeliever who believes in spiritual agencies and demigods.Socrates here successfully lead his accuser to admit that he have made a false accuse and h ave made up one just for charging Socrates. Without a valid accuse, how can Socrates be found guilty of not believing in the god of Athens? And yet Socrates is believes in the god of Athens. To conclude, if I were on the jury, I would found Socrates not guilty for the four charges. Nevertheless, the jury never wanted Socrates to die it is Socrates would fain lose his life. true statement is always the truth, if you endeavor to defense, someday you will success.

Sir Gawain Essay

11-1-11 Chivalric But Still Hu while The motto of valorousness is also the motto of wisdom to serve all, yet eff only one. (Honore de Balzac). The Chivalric code is a clutter of rules that contradict each other and challenge normal valet behavior. These rules of chivalry are predominantly concerned with courage, honor and gentlemen- worry- behavior, which play an important role in proving ones faithfulness to the King. In the poem, Sir Gawain and the Green entitle, Sir Gawain proves to be a hero because he continually struggles against his human flaws to act in a heroic manner.Sir Gawain is ac effledged as a chivalric human because he is a courageous man who perseveres through difficult events and faces both human temptation and terror. Throughout Sir Gawain and the Green cavalry, Gawain constantly battles to continue the chivalric code, and in the end one can determine that Gawain did in fact uphold the chivalric code. To begin, Gawain upholds the law to be a courageous m an in all circumstances. Near the end of the poem Gawain reaches the Green Knights go to uphold his promise that they made a year and a day before.When Gawain arrives, he and the knight begin conversation and form an sympathy to follow through with the terms. As the Green Knight describes what he shall do, Gawain says, Never fear Ill stand still and allow you to work as you like and not oppose/ you here (91-95). At this point within the poem, Gawain has done everything to follow the code of chivalry. True bravery and courage is not found in mevery men, but Gawain is able to conquer this obstacle and prove that he is brave. In this instance, Gawain is allowing the knight to do as he pleases, which is to cut off his head.This demonstrates that he is a fearless man awaiting his death. Additionally, he does not choose to resist the punishment and run for his life, he takes in the punishment because he has the strength to acquiesce his fate. Many men in this situation could not demons trate this action, allowing the reader to conclude that Gawain has a strong sense of bravery, which is an important and crucial characteristic infallible to uphold the chivalric code. As the story progresses, so does Gawain following and upholding the Chivalric code.The code, furthermore, includes such as acts of honor and noble behavior towards women. After the Green Knight has given his punishment to Gawain, he speaks words of truth to him saying, A man whos true to his word should have nothing to fear (195-196). The Knight know that Gawain did nothing wrong the first two days, because he returned what he had received. Since he did not try to take her seductive kisses to the next level while be chaste towards the mistress, shows that he respects women. Respect and love towards women is an important contribution to the chivalric code.Furthermore, the demonstration of returning what was received for the two of the days shows that Sir Gawain was an honorable man to his host, by sta ying true to his vows exchanged three days earlier. Overall, Sir Gawain is shown to maintain the chivalric code by following four critical laws within the code of chivalry, all the same still struggling with his many human weaknesses throughout the course of his journey. Despite the fact that Gawain upheld most of the chivalric code, some(prenominal) may think that he failed to uphold the code because of human mistakes.As the story begins, the Green Knight comes inside the castle, gets his head sliced off and then is miraculously fine, and he walks out telling Sir Gawain to go on him in a year and a day. This series of events exemplifies to Gawain that he, himself, is not immortal and he should fear for his own life. When Gawain finally arrives at the Knights castle on the dreadful day, the knight explains, But you have lacked a little, sir you were less that loyal/ But since it was not the sash itself or lust/ But because you love your life, I blame you less (207-209).All huma ns have, in some way, a in fear of death. This was the feeling that overcomes Sir Gawain, causing him to keep the sash that was given to him on the third day by the mistress. This action caused Gawain to fail to uphold the chivalric code because he was disloyal to the host. No other knight would be chivalric enough to pass up a chance to save his life each one is human which means they ultimately fear their own death.In the end, some would consider Gawain a failure, but in logical terms it was an opportunity too difficult to pass up by any human, showing that human flaws have interfered with Gawains journey to uphold the chivalric code. The knight agrees with this and understands that even though Gawain should uphold the code, he has to go through some loopholes. This understanding by the Green Knight later comes about in the conversation between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Knight states, You are the finest man that ever walked this earth so Gawain thus stands ut above al l other Knights (204-206). Even though Gawain has showed disloyalty to the Knight, or at the time his host, the Green Knight is still able to state that he is a heroic knight. Gawain is considered one of the greatest knights, because he knows that he is only making mistakes due to human flaws in his judgments, which difficult to overcome. But the Knight knows that he has the ability to recognize his mistakes and fix them. Overall, this shows that Gawain is trusted and trusted not to repeat his mistakes, revealing him to be chivalrous by then end of the poem.In conclusion, some may think that Gawain was not able to uphold the Chivalric code, but this is a false accusation, because he struggled due to his human flaws that would be impossible to overcome for any living being. Sir Gawain is able to uphold the chivalric code by conquering difficult tasks while following the rulebook. The Chivalric Code is a complex musical arrangement that goes against many human flaws and behaviors. Ga wain stays courageous, honorable and gentlemen-like through out his journey, even tough he has many battles with temptation and fear.Gawain tries with extreme patience to overcome his errors, but sometimes fails to do so, which shows that he is only human and that everyone makes mistakes but they have the ability to fix them. As Sir Gawain and The Green Knight ends, the reader concludes that even though Gawain did have some failures in meeting all of the exact laws the chivalric code, he is still able to uphold a majority the code of chivalry with prominence and pride.

Mental Disorder Research Paper Essay

Mental stability or kind health is the way humans re encounter to, return almost, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being. Throughout history, the great unwashed with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or iodins possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950s with a great deal of research and much more(prenominal) highly developed technology many people with mental disorders have been treated. In America, more than 45 million adults suffer from a mental disorder (MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE FAMILY RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO COPE). Thats about 25 pct of people over the age of 18. numerous of these people fail to realize that they have a mental nausea or succeed in hiding it from others. When these disorders remain ignored they lead to insidious stages in ones life such as, drug abuse, suicide, violence, or conflicts with family and friends. When ones behavior is labeled as a mental disorder it influences the way that soulfulness and the others around that person perceives them. Education about mental disorders is necessary (What is mental illness?). In society today, how people distinguish one with a mental disorder and one without a mental disorder is by judging them as normal or abnormal. Todays normal is considered as the acceptance in society. irregular labels people who be not considered socially normal. People use the term mental illness as if it is something abnormal and weird. A mental disorder is know as unhealthy (Susin, Janet). But when we think of an illness, the first thing that comes to mind is a physical sickness. If a young child is physically abused end-to-end his life, his different personality is a way to deal with the disturbance in his life. If the child doesnt find a way to deal with this, he or she bequeath want to find different ways to deal with it such as suicide. Their behavior or what is cognise as the disorder, is healthier than not sack through the process of healing with that behavior (Talking To Kids virtually Mental Illnesses).Stigma, judgment and separation of people are the product of misunderstandings about mental disorders (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C.Watson). Mental illnesses are not due to any variety of brain damages. Although they are like physical illnesses such as lung cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, people with mental disorders are not treated the same as those with a physical illness. A variety of mental disorders such as bipolar disorder have the ability to reach out in families. But, most victims develop one without any signs of family history. When one is found to have a mental disorder, the factor that set off their disorder is an instance that took place in their life. Factors such as a death of a loved one, financial suffering, unemployment, physical abuse, and sexual abuse can contribute to the pass of a mental disorder. This cast offs every single human susceptible to one (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). People with mental disorders are rarely dangerous. Even those with the most serious illness are not dangerous when receiving support. Just like physical illnesses, a mental disorder is treatable. It is possible for one to recognisely recover if treated proto(prenominal) on and properly. It is also possible that the mental disorder can reappear and necessitate constant treatment (What is mental illness?). The largest struggle for someone with a mental illness or someone recovering from one is the confrontation of unnecessary manners of the people around him or her. This is why it is necessary to fork out support for those who are suffering. Encouragement and the optimistic behaviors of family, friends, and members of the community are essential to providing those who cope with mental disorders with the support that they need (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALT H). Encouraging them to continue with a medicinal drug or with therapy forget help them believe that that they can achieve mental stability. Altering yourself and working with them will help solve the problems that they are faced with. change magnitude your own ability to understand what this person is dealing with will help you talk to and counsel them. Although people with mental disorders are rarely dangerous, talk to them about why they should go see a therapist or go seek help instead of telling them or debating with them (What is mental illness?).The conditions in which a person is born, grows up in, lives, and works are significant factors when it comes to having a mental disorder. Also factors such as sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, gender, and ones socioeconomic status has to do with someones disorder (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH). These factors are known as the social determinants of health. The social determinants of health provide a more complete interpretation of what the initial reason of illness is and what it will take to restore their health. Addressing the social determinants of health will reach out to state government and make them direct a population in a better way regarding the influence of social determinants. As children, around thirty percent of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender have been physically abused by members of their family because of their sexual orientation. These individuals have a 1.5 times higher risk for depression and anxiety disorders throughout their life than heterosexuals. Thirty percent of African Americans are more likely to have a severe psychological distress than Non- Hispanic Whites. The infant death rate of American Indians and Alaska Natives is forty percent higher than the infant death rate of Caucasians (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH). Raising awareness of the social determinants of health will have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities. Adolesce nts need to know about mental disorders just as much as anyone over the age of 18. Kids are naturally questionable about mental illnesses. The importance of learning the warning signs of mental disorders and how to fight the stigma that surrounds mental illness can affect the futures of children. Many kids often make mutation of other kids because they seem weird. If children are taught that these problems are not the fault of the others who have them, they will less likely make other students feel ashamed (Talking To Kids About Mental Illnesses). This should be taught as a part of a health class and if not taught in school, must be taught by the parents of a child. Children in pre-school will have questions about what they can see and focus on. They will mostly notice other kids who are screaming and crying.Children as young as this will need less reading because of their limited ability to understand. As children go into elementary school they will question the specifics and the ir questions will be straightforward. Their concerns will be towards the safety of their friends or family if they see something unusual. Teenagers are able to understand just as much as an adult and they will ask more complicated questions. They will ask their friends about anything that theyre curious about. This results in false or misunderstood information (Susin, Janet). Parents need to provide correct information to their children with support and advice. Everyday people with serious mental disorders are challenged. While they are facing with the challenges that come from their disorder, they are also confronted by the misconceptions and prejudice towards their illness. human beings stigma is the common reaction given towards people with mental disorders by the public. Self-stigma is the intolerance people with mental disorders give themselves (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). There are a few views on which people have about mental illness. There are thoughts that pe ople with mental disorders should be feared and be kept out of their communities. Some people feel that people with mental disorders are not capable of making their own decisions and need to have their life decisions made by others because they are irresponsible. This is known as authoritarianism. Benevolence is the idea that people with mental illness are not able to take make out of themselves and need to be taken care of (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). Learning about mental disorders will show the way to early recognition and treatment. Educating children at an early age will help them prevent a mental disorder in their own life. By learning about mental disorders, ones recognition of their mental disorder becomes easier. This gives them the ability to act fast and treat their disorder (MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE FAMILY RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO COPE). One without a mental disorder can also notice that someone has one and will fight the stigma that surrounds th e disorder. There have been cases in which teenagers with mental disorders realized that if they had a lesson on mental illnesses it would have made a big deviation in their lives. The only way to change the view of people towards those with mental disorders is to educate them on why some of these people have their illness (Susin, Janet).

English Crucible Coursework Essay

In the established society of a small, Puritan township in the late 17th century, a lie by a ministers niece sparks utter hysteria throughout the town of Salem. This quite pocketable fabrication causes a wildfire of deceit to burn throughout the town destroying homes, families and friendships. In the centre of this saga the marriage of John and Elizabeth Proctor has been diminished to a marriage of cumbrous silences and peachy mistrust by John Proctor adulterous relationship with Abigail Williams.As the town is in havoc, the Proctors marriage is also tested. The consort portrays heir struggle to prevail I a world of treachery. In this essay of The Crucible, I am going to be examining the Proctors marriage in relevance to the theme of witchcraft and study why Miler put the marriage at the centre of the play.When we first hold back the Proctors in acquit Two, a conventional view of home life at that period time is portrayed the husband has been working hard on the land, while hi s wife cargond for the children and tended to her familys needs, but this scene also shows many things.I t shows the need for gratitude from each over, as if they need to please whizz another vastly. This is depicted many times when John begins to eat. Early on in the scene as Proctor comments on his wifes intellectual nourishment saying It is well seasoned which we are aware is false as previously in entering the house he sampled the food and added more seasoner to it, the way this sentence is implied suggests that he is just trying to keep the peace between them. She is content with his praise and eve thrives on his delight in her and feels if she carries on pleasing him he will not go elsewhere for this gratitude, as to his previous mistress AbigailThis is not one-sided as John states to Elizabeth after consulting her if she would want a cow he says, I mean to please you with her reply being, John I know. This shows he is attempting to redeem his infidelity and prove to her a l he wants is to make her happy and she is aware of his numerous efforts but cannot allow herself to forget the past months.Elizabeth is still very apprehensive of John and questions him as shortly as she is aware of his presence she begins to enquire into his delay home asking him, what keeps you so late?. Elizabeth shows great uncertainty towards John this is depicted through her ardour to know what is keeping her husband. He justifies himself by declaring in his defence he was out farming. The premature view of the scene in Act Two reveals great suspicion in this marriage, as Elizabeth is fearful that he has been visiting Elizabeth.This parallels to the witchcraft trials of Salem and the scepticism of the inhabitants as to if someone may blindly accuse them adjoining for minor things such as an argument in the past or over land restrictions. The weariness by the community is shown later in the Act when Reverend Hale is told of the arrest of Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse to t his he declares, Then nothing left to stop the whole green world from burning. This statement refers to the suspicion in the town as when one lie has started it is difficult to stop it from causing more lies to arise, this declaration can also be interpreted as the whole green world being the forest and when a forest fire is started it is almost impossible to stop the fire in comparison to the wildfire of lies dispersion through the region.This leads to the lack of trust in the district of Salem and in the Proctors marriage .As we return to the early stages of Act Two we see the Proctors involved in a minor dispute as he tells Elizabeth of his moment alone with Abigail, this is where the mistrust in their marriage is receptive and laid bare Elizabeth in disbelief of what she was just confronted with, questions him and asks you were alone with her, and he discards her and tells her, only for a moment, she reads into this as a lie and suspects their liaison has been reunited and is upset he has not informed her of this moment.Elizabeth still detects that John is concealing something from her and because of her suspicions continuously questions him as we saw at the beginning of Act Two, her frustrations at him is shown when she says, John you are not open with me which explains her distrust in John this is because she feels he is disguising aFabrication from her.

Too Much Delegation In Nissan

Good communication skills ass help a manager advantagefully delegate responsibility to subordinates. It is a process of good thing that spreads the raceload, rewards subordinates with determination making power, develop subordinates capabilities and every last(predicate)ow finis to be involve. By practicing delegation process, an organization can do achieve their set of goal. Nissan, a renowned japanese automaker is the best example of practicing delegation. From the eccentric person study Too much delegation at Nissan, we have got both(prenominal) findings that how Carlos Ghosn, chief operating officer of Nissan, did apply to raise success by practicing delegation.Question 1 What atomic number 18 some advantages that Carlos Ghosn can expect to invite from retaining decision-making office at the CEO level? What are some potential pitf eachs that he must be aware of? Answer Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan joined in 1999. Nissan, japanese automakers vehicle that is 44% own of second largest gondola car connection in Japan namely Renault. Before joining Carlos, Nissan was near confideruptcy. They had unappealing models, low market share and declining profitability. At this crucial moment, Carlos took responsibility in Nissan to safe its sink.Skilled Carlos cerebrate what people think about him and which approach should apply? . He did not apply traditional approach even he did not convince the people. Ghosn set(p) off employees who acted as advisors but had no operational authority. He consulted his subordinates, then made decision own. He hired hot occasion from rival firms and gave them authority over new product study resulting slew of innovative, award winning designs such as the Xterra and the updated stylish new altima.As a CEO, Carlos can expect to obtain from his subordinates- To get more(prenominal) knead following a team ground work To help him burden by doing major portion of the organizations work. Designer forget do provide high r ange car design. To solve any existing problem and innovate of new idea. Subordinates will operate and monitor entirely about operational activities. As Carlos, got exclusively type of supported from his subordinates, He did able to revive new model. Although he had aware of some pit falls. Actually, he did follow boldness and risky approach where as all other Nissan Manager followed Caution and slowness.As cost cutting approach had go through to success all other divisions of Renault, Carlos did reduces expenses. And or so important his hidden inspiration. He inspired the designer hired from china for their special design. Upon his successful guide and delegation, Nissan profits and sales are up substantially. With eight new models in 2003 and four more in 2004. Nissan has the potential to surpass Toyota currently number one automaker in Japan and the innovation is continue. Question 2 defend at least triad example of decisions that can be most effectively made with a ch ange process.Give at least three examples of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process. Do not use example from the case to a higher place. Explain your choices. Answer decentralization and its example Decentralization refers that, decision making is not moreover restricted to realize management. Decision are also made by frown level employees because they are more towards the action of performance. They can quickly solve the problem and more people are involved in giving decision. Decentralization make employees feel that organization is trusting on them and giving right to make decision. prototype 1 As the company X is woeful from loss for two years, the employee concluded that as the company is closed for 5 to 6 days per month in a year due to strikes in country, productivity is low. So to achieve the productivity, employee will do over time. Example 2 Franchise company care KFC, control most product development and marketing strategy at the top, but they give franchise owners a great deal of independence in running their somebody stores. Franchise owners make staffing decisions, decisions on hours of operation and compensation decisions completely on their own.Example 3 Sainsburys, the second largest retail shop in across the UK, the CEO Justin King have granted their store manager considerably more discretion on what merchandise to stock in their store. Today in modern world, most organization is following decentralisation. It makes organization more flexible and responsive. Centralization and its example Centralization refers that decision making in the organization can be done by only top management. It is the formal authority that top management will give decisions which will be followed by everyone without any changes.When only top managers take decision without any option of overthrow level employees, the organization is centralized. In simple word, top manager has right to take decision without any view of t ake down level of manager is called centralization. Example 1 Top management of Company X decided that the medical facility of the employees will not be provided for half dozen month because the company is suffering from loss for two years. Example 2 A manager of a trucking company makes all operational decisions, move information to the individual drivers through dispatches.Example 3 The central bank of Bangladesh monitoring and evaluating all other govt. owned bank and private bank in Bangladesh. They produce rules and regulation for other bank and every bank followed this rules. Those decision are taken by only top management without any recommendation of lower level employee. Question 3 Japanese management outline depends on high specialty. sexually transmitted disease a high level of specialization typically authorise to decentralization? Why or Why not?Answer The Japanese management system depends on high specialization and this leadto decentralization. We know that, s pecialization typically related with decentralization. Specialization is the degree to which the overall task of the organization is broken down in the mouth and divided into smaller component part where as the decentralization is the process of systematically delegating power and authority through the organization to middle and lower level organization.That means, when specialization follow its every steps like rotation, enrichment, enlargement etc. every employees got some power to achieve the selected target i.e. some systematic delegation has been practiced . An example like dip factory, amend its productivity using specialization. One man drew the wire, another straight tended, a third cut it and a fourth ground the point and so on and thus on ten man produces 48,000 thole declivity in a day, where as a man alone could produce 20 pin per days. Here, we see that the systematic delegation has been followed in every lower level employee to do work independently as well as the employee did team work that completely reflected decentralization process.From the case study we have known that, all most all business firms in Japan, are traditionally team ground structure and a consensus approach to decision making which clearly reflected decentralization. The management system in Japan allows a lot of participation from employees at all levels. The management expertise understand the consumer, understand the people they are dealing with and they understand the government and they unavoidableness in the market place. Based on select they hire high ranking manager who guide the employee as well as give them power to achieve target and they are getting success.The above description of specialization and decentralization, it is clear that both are the same pattern and interrelated. For success in any business not only in Japan but in all across in the world it is essential to follow decentralization a well as specialization. I am strongly agree that high level of specialization lead to dencetralization. - Question 1 What are some advantages that Carlos Ghosn can expect to obtain from retaining decision-making authority at the CEO level? What are some potential pitfalls that he must be aware of? Answer Nissan, Japanese automakers vehicle that is 44% own of second largest car company in Japan namely Renault. Before joining Carlos, Nissan was near bankruptcy. They had unappealing models, low market share and declining profitability. At this crucial moment, Carlos took responsibility in Nissan to safe its sink. Ghosn laid off employees who acted as advisors but had no operational authority. He consulted his subordinates, then made decision own. He hired hot designer from rival firms and gave them authority over new product development resulting slew of innovative, award winning designs such as the Xterra and the updated stylish new altima.As a CEO, Carlos can expect to obtain from his subordinates- To solve any existing problem and innovate o f new idea. Subordinates will operate and monitor all about operational activities. To get more work following a team based work To help him burden by doing major portion of the organizations work. Designer will do provide high range car design. As Carlos, got all type of supported from his subordinates, He did able to revive new model. Although he had aware of some pit falls. Actually, he did follow boldness and risky approach where as all other Nissan Manager followed Caution and slowness.As cost cutting approach had lead to success all other divisions of Renault, Carlos did reduces expenses. And most important his hidden inspiration. He inspired the designer hired from china for their special design. Question 2 Give at least three example of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process. Give at least three examples of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process. Do not use example from the case above. Explain your choi ces. Answer Decentralization Decentralization is the process of systematically retaining power and authority throughout the organization to middle and lower level manager. They can quickly solve the problem and more people are involved in giving decision. Decentralization make employees feel that organization is trusting on them and giving right to make decision. Example 1. As the company X is suffering from loss for two years, the employee concluded that as the company is closed for 5 to 6 days per month in a year due to strikes in country, productivity is low.So to achieve the productivity, employee will do over time. 2. Franchise company like Pizza Hurt, control most product development and marketing strategy at the top, but they give franchise owners a great deal of independence in running their individual stores. Franchise owners make staffing decisions, decisions on hours of operation and compensation decisions completely on their own. 3. Wal-Mart the largest retail shop in ac ross the USA, The higher authority have habituated their store manager considerably more discretion on what merchandise to stock in their store.Centralization Centralization is the process of systematically retaining power and authority in the hand of higher level manager. When only top managers take decision without any option of lower level employees, the organization is centralized. In simple word, top manager has right to take decision without any view of lower level of manager is called centralization. Example 1. Top management of Company X decided that the medical facility of the employees will not be provided for six month because the company is suffering from loss for two years. 2.A manager of a trucking company makes all operational decisions, sending information to the individual drivers through dispatches. 3. The central bank of Bangladesh monitoring and evaluating all other govt. owned bank and private bank in Bangladesh. They published rules and regulation for other ba nk and every bank followed this rules. Question 3 Japanese management system depends on high specialization. Dose a high level of specialization typically lead to decentralization? Why or Why not? Answer The Japanese management system depends on high specialization and this lead to decentralization.We know that, specialization typically related with decentralization. Specialization is the degree to which the overall task of the organization is broken down and divided into smaller component part where as the decentralization is the process of systematically delegating power and authority through the organization to middle and lower level organization. That means, when specialization follow its every steps like rotation, enrichment, enlargement etc. every employees got some power to achieve the selected target. An example like Pin factory, improved its productivity using specialization.One man drew the wire, another straight tended, a third cut it and a fourth ground the point and so on and thus on ten man produces 48,000 pin in a day, where as a man alone could produce 20 pin per days. Here, we see that every lower level employee had some power and authority to do work independently as well as the employee did team work that completely reflected decentralization process. From the case study we have known that, all most all business firms in Japan, are traditionally team based structure and a consensus approach to decision making which clearly reflected decentralization.The management system in Japan allows a lot of participation from employees at all levels. The management expertise understand the consumer, understand the people they are dealing with and they understand the government and they need in the market place. Based on need they hire high ranking manager who guide the employee as well as give them power to achieve target and they are getting success. I am strongly agree that high level of specialization lead to decentralization.

Cubic miles

The cost driver I used in the revised exhibit is the cubic miles of snow, because in the case it stated that . .. The number of hours needed to clear the roadways depended to a great extent on cubic miles of snow. , which means if theres more than snow on the ground, the enshroud drivers would work extra hours and therefore the department needs to pay more. Thus cost increase. Section AWE Group 3 1 . Apparently the ductile budget is more informative and reasonable. Because it Includes many activities that may increase the total budget cost, Make it adjustable hen there is an extreme weather and requires more plow drivers 2.The public works directors goal was trying to implement the new responsibility accounting system. Yes, I think the new approach is effective because It go forth give Sam Donaldson the quarterly report, Sam buttocks be aware of the budget difference and make prompt adjustments, Help the department keep the costs within its budget 3. Yes the director should cons ult Sam, for The new director is newly hired and lack certain amount of experience, Sam Donaldson is more experienced and can make appropriate adjustments to keep the costs within the budgets.

Racism and Slavery in America Essay

The origin of belt along and thr every last(predicate) in North the States is often viewed chronologically. Historians are separate on their stance as to whether or non racism may be considered as the root cause of knuckle downry. While some agree on this, others argue that thrall in fact had nothing to do with the origins of racism and that in retrospect, slavery when legalized actually facilitated racism. However, the question is not one of precedence because essentially the social take cutences including rituals, religion, and language along with inequalities of power amongst the Europeans and Africans together gave behavior to racism and slavery.Hence it would be wrong to divide North America in the seventeenth coke into the two binaries of race and slavery and consider these farmings as mutually exclusive. It was not just racism that fool Africans slaves or slavery that make Europeans racial. Rather, the interaction of differences in race and power structure creat ed a realm where each overlaps and influences one other. The two arguments presented by scholars are true yet they are contradictory if viewed from the emplacement of causality.This suggests that for both the standpoints to hold true, the occurrence of racism and slavery had to be during the same period in history, not preceding one another. thence, this paper explores the idea that slavery and racism cannot be seen in a family relationship of causality. Instead, slavery and racism are iterative terms, i. e. they are the products of a large number of small unconscious(p) acts and interactive social engagements.As Canessa asserts that each iteration reinforces or undermines a particular identity, but all single act is unlikely to have a major effect, it suggests that neither racism or slavery preceded each other, but sort of they developed and influenced each other as a burden of the interactions between Europeans and Africans. The concept of iteration can be understood by exp loring the two different positions that discordant scholars hold. The first stance that racism preceded slavery, demands an explanation of the word race itself.The definition of race includes the biological exposition of ones phenotype and their genetic baffle up. This description often leads to the physiognomic differences which generalize the behavior and social standing(a) of state. Gleaning from this idea of race, it is not a surprise to find that the face described Negros as savages and barbaric apply their ethnocentric lens of what it meant to be civilized. They used the criteria of color, religion, rituals and economical and social status to demarcate the racial identities as superior or inferior.Carl N. Delger questions the view of scholars who believe that racism was a import of legalized slavery by asserting that even if one believes that slavery evolved as a legal status, it reflected and included as a part of its essence, the same (racial) discrimination which f air men had proficient against the Negro all along and beforehand any statutes decreed it. Carl Delgers argument explicitly raises that the racist attitude of Whites was the root cause for the universe of slavery.He says that long before slavery or dense dig became an important part of the southerly economy, a special and inferior status had been worked out for the Negroes who came to the English colonies. Unquestionably it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. He claims that although slavery was legalized half a century after the and terms like slave were not used to define Negros, their treatment wasnt any better.Many scholars like Carl N.Degler argue that the Whites were inherently racist and practiced racism on everyone who belonged to a different race. This trait is evident because before the Whites had black slaves, they practiced slavery on Indi genous Indians and on white indentured labor that included Irish, Polish, Jews, and Germans. Thus, an inferior and hard service was found for the Indian makes it plausible to suppose that a similar status would be taciturn for the equally different and pagan Negro. I agree with his assumption because it suggests that racism was not something that was new to English when they brought the Negros.However, once the Whites enslaved the Africans, they grew less severe towards the white servants. The evidence for his argument comes from a variety of sources. Degler provides the example where the differences in status between an English servant and Negro were reflected not however at a exoteric level but in the private lives of Negros as well. Degler asserts that not only the company (some European affair company) distrusted the Negros but some whites even held on to Negros as slaves for life as early 1630s and their slavery was inheritable.Thus, Carl Degler argues that all the statut es that were apply after 1660s, were nothing but a result of the racist ideologies that forced the English to make such brutal and prejudiced laws. Moreover, historians like Winthrop D. Jordan assert that the heathenism of Negros was an important component which invited a racially discriminatory reaction from the English. He asserts that besides the physiological differences like color of the skin, factors like cultural practices and religious beliefs constituted the notions of racism.He explains that the English believed that, to be Christian was to be civilized rather than barbarous, English rather than African, white rather than blackBy this time, Christianity had somehow become intimately and explicitly linked with tinge. However, heathenism alone could not have been the sole cause for enslavement, because it was easily terminated as in brief as the Negro was converted into a Christian. Hence, Winthrop asserts that it was, virtually every quality in the Negro (that) invited uncomplimentary feelings.along with heathenism, the language, gestures and eating habits of Negros were strikingly different from the English, and contributed towards the notion of savages and barbaric. However, there is opposition to the correlation between the racial discrimination and slavery. Carl Delger and Winthrop are in complete contrast with the ideologies that Kathleen Brown, Edmund Morgan and Oscar and Mary F. Handlin believe in. Although the latter do not deny that racism was a part of American society in the 17th century, they dimension different reasons for its presence.Instead of attributing the inherent racism as the cause of slavery, they believe that the pauperization for economic successfulness led Whites to become racist, stringent and discriminatory towards the enslaved Africans. Although the former group of scholars asserts that, the development of a form of slavery, which left hand a caste in its wake, cannot be attributed to pressure from increasing numbe rs of blacks, or even from an flagrant demand for cheap labor, the latter group justifies the very statement as truth.The reason for the change magnitude discrimination and control comes from the fact that unlike before, the Europeans grew more than ever ambitious with Africa as a calling partner which would be used to amass great wealth. Kathleen Brown, who argues that slavery preceded racism, asserts that there is a fundamental puzzle in viewing the idea of race in the context of just appearances. She asserts that often historians perceive race as a biological fact rather than as an ongoing historical and cultural tress When legal, literary, and mercantile discourses of race are examined along with actual practices of coerced labor, the relationship between slavery and racism becomes often more complicated, defying our efforts to designate one as a cause of the other. Brown attaches the concept of historical twisting to define race in order to undo the myth of causality wh ich states that racism preceded slavery. Her stance is good-natured because even if one considers Whites to be innately racist, one cannot deny that there could be more motivation and incentives, apart from racism, to practice slavery.Moreover, a racial identity, according to Kathleen Brown and Winthrop Jordon, is created from factors like socio-economic structures and not just phenotype. Thus racism was not the root cause of slavery. Hence the racial discrimination of the Negros and their consequential enslavement was only when a means to achieve the end of White objectives of economic growth was possible by recruitment more productive labor. This assumption can be verified because slavery in America did not begin until the end of seventeenth century when in fact, the Africans were brought as early as 1619.Edmund Morgan explains that the reason toilet this delay in enslaving Africans, was the high mortality among immigrants to Virginia This made the white indentured slaves more advantageous as compared to black slave labor because they were less expensive with low mortality rate. According to Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, the black slaves were in fact un longingd by the colonists. The costs of hiring Black slaves were higher because they were unskilled and ran the risks of mortality, execute and rebellion.This governmental orientation clearly reflects that the motive of the colonist was only to maximize their profits and grow more as a powerful entity by effectively controlling the colonized. Hence, they were able to maximize productivity successfully by holding whites as servants. The need for black slaves grew much later and racism was born out of legalizing slavery. The racist and discriminatory mentality that developed is evident in the laws that the English reared after 1660s.These laws were the methods and commissions to control the blacks and lose weight them to a lower social status. The 1668 statute was an important event in the creation of a classifiable legal meaning for Negro in America. This law took away the emancipatedom of every black slave by subjecting them to life-long slave tenure. Kathleen Brown explains that this law was especially discriminatory for women because all black women were asked to pay the taxes, no matter of their status as free or enslaved. The consequence of the law created social power structures and racial identities.The free African men found it more desirable to marry white women in order to escape tax liability of their wives and daughters, and in turn, gain a status quo equal to whites. As a result a new racial demarcation was established. In contrast to English women, African women were presumed capable of and naturally suited to strenuous field work. This not only lowered the status of Negros, but also set an exclusive definition of what it meant to be white, reflective of their power and status.Racialization is evidenced in many other laws that were established in the 1660s stipu lating a similar idea. The statute of 1662, made a bold attempt to naturalize the trail of slavery by making it heritable and embedding in it a concept of race . This law made the paternity of a child born from enslaved women to be irrelevant, in turn leaving the enslaved women as a productive and reproductive property of their masters. This also ensured the availability of slaves, as the enslaved women could only give birth to slaves.Along with this, many laws subjected the slaves to lifetime bondage by utilizing religion. One could view this law as a way of the innately racist idea that Negros were heathen and needed Christianity to become civilized. However this law can also be perceived as an opportunity through which the Whites used the concept of religion to control and pose more slave population. The law passed in 1667, legalized the meaning of Christianity and stated that baptism cannot be used as a way to free oneself from slavery.The Christian commission declared that, the conferring of baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom. This law demarcated Christians from non-Christians and distinguished slaves from servants. Kathleen Brown holds the colonist responsible to create a course of study of race by incorporating slavery. She asserts that, they created a legal discourse of slavery rooted in sexual, social, and economic lives of African laborers and effectively naturalized the condition of slavery by connecting it to a concept of race. The arguments by Kathleen Brown, Edmund Morgan and Oscar and Mary F. Handlin state that the colonists established the concept of race by legalizing slavery. Although neither side presents a view that is wrong, they are only partially correct. The problem is in the assumption that the authors make in forming these arguments. Their arguments are reflective of a desire to fit the history of North America into a system of causality where either racism preceded slavery or vice ve rsa.In history, one cannot deny the occurrence of events but their provideations, meanings and the inferences drawn from them can differ drastically. Likewise, although no scholar denies that racism and slavery existed in the 17th century America, nonetheless, the debate revolves around the issue of precedence of the two. In reality, the history of North America is a complex structure which cannot be divided into these two binaries but rather should be seen as the point of intersection the two realms of racism and the laws that the Whites enforced are superimposed on each other.The diagram below is a graphical attempt to expand the idea better. It is almost impossible to define one as a cause of another and the thus the only way to understand the complex social and economic structure of North America is to interpret it as an era where the simultaneity of racial ideology and slavery induced through decree existed. Thus, white supremacy was not simply a summary of color prejudices it was also a set of political programs, differing according to the social position of their proponents.While on one hand, the established statute manipulated power structures to establish racial identities, on the other hand Barbara Fields asserts that race became the ideological medium through which people posed and apprehended basic questions of power and dominance, sovereignty and citizenship, justice and right. . The two components of racism and economic successfulness interacted in a way where they meshed together to give rise to slavery. Hence, there is no way to validate the precedence of one over the other when in fact they developed simultaneously and had a continuous influence on each other together.

Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Essay

This loudness gives us the hi level ab off assault on spo mathematical functions. Dutton talks of two major social pheno manpowera that emerged in North Ameri toilet and the Western countries in Europe. Long and tedious struggle of wowork force led their rights get recognized. It goes push to state the measures and incidences of madness including theories concerning women assault. The cycle of military unit and people who possess abusive individualalities atomic number 18 stated charge assault on men.Ideas in this record confine are crucial for they teach about recognizing mavin some different specially those who possess violent personalities. It is good for the ball club for it educates onenessness to accept ones rights and conflict between trades union duties and rights. It also shows us that we muckle eliminate all odds in our order of magnitude and try to make each and every person feel that he or she belongs to it fully without whatsoever intimidation or dis crimination.Duttons ideas stool be employ to stand by those who possess abusive personality by attending psychiatrists and avoiding any abusive behavior. It can be workd to educate spo usages in a marriage so that they will evade future marriage problems. Also, in the current globalized world, the ideas in this view as can dish us socialize and live together in peace and harmony especially in the interior(prenominal) setup. This book can assist people who are married to other cultures to allot or leave those cultures and then live with the acceptance and respect of each others rights.Weiss, Elaine. surviving interior(prenominal) military unit Voices of Women Who skint Free. Volcano Volcano Press, 2004. Print.In this book, living(a) Domestic rage Voices of Women Who Broke Free, Weiss wrote about several stories of women who had been subjected to domestic violence. She got these stories by interviewing and afterwards writing them down. The book talks of what they went through with(predicate) and how they later managed to melt it. It gives reasons as to why such incidences were happening. After escape, the women took a very long time eventually to recover the intellectual and wounds they got due to this violence. But also, some were yet to recover fully for the or care they went through changed their lives negatively. Those who managed to deal with stress after coming out say that they are stronger than ever.The different stories taught in this book are the true causes and make of domestic related violence. They bring about what one goes through and how one feels while undergoing the violence. Also, it helps to understand what to do when such incidences happen. It also shows its effects and how they change ones life, therefore, targeting those who mistreat their partners. This book is a very good example as it shows us that those who have al piss freed themselves from the married abuses can educate others like the youth and couples about do mestic violence so that they refrain from them.The stories are very encouraging for they give people motivation to clear up their problems and also how one can escape this. They can be used by those specialists in parental guidance and counseling to help them go their marriage when such incidences are reported to them and even before couples get married. The ideas in this book can enable those undergoing abuses to get out and look for a better marriage partner. One only of necessity to accept that he or she is undergoing domestic violence and therefore if it cannot solve one can boldly walk a modality and start life afresh. Marriage is not slavery, but its a line towards achieving your goals in life as one needs a partner who is willing to assist where practical so that they make all their dreams in life to happen.Abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence Cook, Philip W. Abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport Praeger, 2009. Print.Phillip exposes how men goes through domestic violence silently. He talks of how genuine it is that men are going through domestic violence without the society pretending. He brings several stories of men who have been undergoing through such violence from their wives for a long time. therefore he goes further to give tips that can help one to find freedom from any mannikin of abuse. He talks of resistance and acceptance for those who are abusing their spouses and how they come to realize that each and every person deserves respect. He also talks of new great approaches that can be used to reduce domestic violence. He then gives survey statistics of domestic violence in Canada and also how the relationship changes between the offenders to their victims.The novel is helpful in realizing what some men undergo. It gives statistics of domestic violence that people are not ready to discuss. The society is helped to recognize men who are undergoing domestic abuses from their spouses. The statistics helps pe ople to know how long they have been spiritedness with their friends undergoing abuses without even realizing it. It talks of acceptance that can help those who are yet to accept their spouse the way they are. It is helpful for it shows how much men can be subjected to torture with use of dangerous tools. Such tools hold knives, machetes and any other type of a life-threatening tool or machine so that one can force their partner to find out their commands.Philips ideas can be used to know the men who are undergoing abuses from their wives and enable us to help them come out of the problem. Also, it encourages courage especially those who are not courageous enough to come out and tell their ordeal to the society. This book can help men to free themselves away from any form of abuse and intimidation from their partners. This book is crucial as it can be used to tell the extent in which men undergo violence in real life situations. Men can also use this book to help them evade any o ther form of domestic violence against them and therefore reducing the number of men who die as a result of domestic violence.Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London RCPsych Publications, 2013. Print.This book has been written conjointly by different authors who specialize in domestic violence ideas. It is about prevalence and physical health impacts of domestic violence. It talks about types of abuses in marriage such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and coercive control and also it questions them and gives clues on their solution. It also tackles the effects of a persons psychology which is deeply affected even in the future that may not get them out of his top dog. It stresses on the survival strategies to evade such abuses and also how one can control his or her mind to avoid damaging his or her psychology. In addition, it states the methods of interventions and responses people can tak e after or when you suspect any form of violence. Advice from professionals on domestic violence is also written down.This text has directives on what causes mental problems after abuse. It also gives us ways on how to control ourselves and maintain a state of calm so as not disturb our stressed mind. It educates us on different forms of domestic violence. variant qualified professionals wrote it, and each field is well represented. It is an important text for it has the advices on domestic violence from professionals.The story in this book can help us to evade mental problems due to domestic abuses. It can also be used by psychiatrists to know what causes a certain mental disorder, and they can use the ideas here to enable their clients who are undergoing this problem to get out of it. It can also be used to educate couples so that when they are not in good terms to try to their best solve the problem before it gets out of hand. The advices written in this book can also apply in the same way to advice people especially those undergoing domestic violence depending on the cause and the kind of violence.Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. heal the Trauma of Domestic Violence A Workbook for Women. Oakland New HarbingerThe book, Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence A Workbook for Women, is directed to those who have been freed from domestic violence and especially women. Due to violent domestic situations, one may develop post- injurytic stress disorders which are not easy to get out of ones mind and can negatively affect that person. It aims at giving programs known as cognitive trauma therapy which one undergoes to help him or her come back to normal. It gives the techniques one can use them to help himself or herself by identifying any form of trauma and distress. And by so doing it can enable one to deal with it to help control and change his or her life.This book is targeting those who have been affected by domestic violence so that they come back to normal for those who were traumatized. It is an educational tool for the society to understand the devastating effects of wife battering. Therefore, it makes us even to identify those who are going through post-traumatic stress. It contains technics, and procedures one can follow so that they make him deal any results brought by domestic violence. It is also helpful as it helps quest after out any fears one has due to what they went through during that horrifying period of domestic violence.Psychiatrists can use this book to help traumatized people by helping them to come back to normal. The ideas here can help us even to identify those going through stress in their marriage so that they help before its too late. Parents who are not in good terms can use this book to read and understand what one may go through if such incidences happen. The techniques in this book about dealing with trauma after violence can be used by psychiatrists to help clients who underwent this ordeal. Therefore, they identify what the form of trauma is, and this can help them to accordingly better their lives. It can also be used individually as one can remember well what went wrong in that marriage and helped them better their lives.ReferencesCook, Philip W. Abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport Praeger,2009. Print.Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver UBC Press,2006. Print.Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London RCPsych Publications,2013. Print.Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence A Workbook for Women. Oakland New HarbingerWeiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano Volcano Press,2004. Print.Source document

Psychological Terror in “the Minister’s Black Veil”

I think that, as a general rule, valet love to categorize things. We like to organize things. We like things to control into our neat, little organized view of reality, whether its a target of soup we buy, a movie we watch, or a person we meet. Everything needs to fit into some sort of category and if it doesnt fit, we create a category for it to fit into. Categories give us certain expectations astir(predicate) the thing we are dealing with. Stories are no exception to this idea.For example, a squash novel should be romantic, obviously but we would assume that it also contains some sort of conflict for the paladin or heroine to overcome, which eventually leads him or her to their true love, or some sort of happiness at the end. plainly what effect do these expectations cede on our interpretation of a myth? Since my goal with this essay is to attempt to categorize the The portion out cares vague Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne, I will need to suss out what characteristics ar e present, in hopes that these characteristics will lead me to some sort of definitive answer about the music genre of this story.First, we must look at the elements of the story tone and diction are very important when move to categorize a story. The tone of the story is somewhat gloomy, and quite isolated. We are drawn into this small towns world, as they become increasingly terrified of minister Hooper and his strange obliterate. And the way the congregation of Hoopers church visualize the obscure when he first wears it makes it search as though it was something much more(prenominal) sinister than a simple piece of crape (938).As he preaches about secret sin, and those mysteries which we fell from our nearest and dearest (938), no one can see his face, and thus everyone facial expressions as though Hooper is face at them, directing his sermon at them Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the man of toughened breast, felt as if the preacher had cr ept upon them, behind his awful obnubilate, and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or panorama. galore(postnominal) spread their clasped hands on their bosoms. There was nothing puckish in what Mr.Hooper said, at least, no forcefulness and yet, with every tremor of his melancholy voice, the hearers quaked. 938 The congregation is so unsettled by this strange addition to the Ministers visage that they cannot stop thought about it during his sermon so sensible were the audience of some uncommon attribute in their minister, that they longed for a breath of wind to blow aside the enshroud, almost believing that a strangers visage would be discovered, though the form, gesture, and voice were those of Mr. Hooper (938).No one is immune to the affright that this blackened piece of crape invokes. The entire town is on edge and speculative as to what the veil means. And the words used to describe the veil and its make are definitely indicative of this fear terrible thing (93 9) ghostlike (939) horrible (940) gloom (940) dismal shade (941). This piece of fabric has separated Hooper from his lamb congregation. While they thought him a happy and benevolent man before, they now feel fear and mistrust when they see him.One lady of his congregation remarks, I would not be alone with him for the world. I appreciation that he is not afraid to be alone with himself (939). But Hooper is not immune to the sinister make of the veil. At the wedding he officiates later the same day, he sees his reflection, and what he sees terrifies him At that instant, catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking-glass, the black veil involved his own spirit in the revulsion with which it overwhelmed all others.His frame shuddered, his lips grew white, he spilt the untasted wine upon the carpet, and rushed forth into the low-spiritedness. For the Earth, too, had on her Black Veil. 940 If we take The Ministers Black Veil as a horror story, it leads us to certain conclusions about the nature of the veil and Hoopers refusal to take it off. If horror is something that centers upon the horrifying or macabre, especially concerning the supernatural, one can see that this story could belong. Hooper never divulges the exact nature of the veil, and we are left to speculate about what it could perchance mean.Several possibilities present themselves if we think of this story as a horror story it could be that the veil is covering Hoopers face to be a constant proctor to his congregation and all who see him of secret sin. It seems that the idea that he could possibly know someones secret sin is fantastic to the townspeople. Indeed, this veil does give Hooper awful power over souls that were in agony for sin (943). Sinners fear him, because they feel that the black veil is a reference to their own personal secret sins.And the veil gives him an association with the breathless and ghostly qualities after the girls funeral at the showtime of the story, one woman remarks that she thought she axiom Hooper walking hand in hand with the ghost of the dead girl. Such things would not have been imagined if he had never donned the veil. But however terrifying the veil is, I think this story lacks any visceral or shocking scenes. The idea of the veil hiding sins, the image of it on Hoopers face is fabulously creepy, to be sure. But I think horror stories especially rely on the supernatural and the unnamed to make them unsettling.And while this story does use the veil as an unknown, and it is unsettling, I think that the part of the story that really gets to me is the psychological torment and uneasiness that the veil casts not only on the townspeople, but on Hooper himself. Let us take the definition of a psychological story as something that focuses on the mental and emotional aspects of the characters. The terror in this story, then, is largely in the way that this simple piece of fabric gets nether everyones skin. It isnt a horrifying object in and of itself, and I think that is what draws me away from thinking of this as a horror story.This black piece of crape is enough to turn people against Hooper. They annul him, stop inviting him over for dinner, picture him capable of all sorts of acts that they never would have thought him capable of introductory to the veil. And imagine Hoopers existence. He has vowed to wear the veil until death No one knows why, although when explaining to Elizabeth why the veil must always be kept on, he says that I, perhaps, like most other mortals, have sorrows dark enough to be typified by a black veil (941).What sorrows these are, we never find out. This again plays a large role in the psychological aspect of the story we never know exactly what swarm Hooper to end his days with the black veil on his face. Perhaps it is related to the girl that died at the beginning of the story he first wears the veil the same day as her funeral, and in Perkins footnote to The Black Veil, Hawthorne i s shown to have made reference in his own footnotes to Joseph Moody, a clergyman in newfangled England who accidentally killed a friend of his in his childhood.After his friends death, Moody wore a black veil until his own death (Perkins and Perkins, 937). Perhaps Hawthornes reason for detailing this true story with The Ministers Black Veil is a clue if we take Hoopers black veil as a sign of his own personal sin, and he is wearing the veil as a reminder to himself that he is a sinner, and can only be redeemed after death, then all of the effects that the veil has on the townspeople are unintentional. I think that this idea is very plausible.Hooper was generally thought to be a pushover by his congregation, who thought that it must be a phase that he would get over and take the veil off. But Hoopers strange dedication to the veil does seem to indicate some sort of personal attachment to the idea of secret sin. Perhaps he did have something to do with the girls death, or was in a re lationship with her before she died. Either way, the strawman of the veil seems to indicate that he feels guilty about something, and feels that it is necessary to always live behind this veil as a result of that guilt.That it has an effect on other people is secondary or at best preventative maybe Hooper is attempting to thwart others sins by making public that he has his own. (1487) Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Ministers Black Veil. The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. George Perkins and Barbara Perkins. 12th Ed. Vol. 1. Toronto McGraw Hill, 2009. 937 945. Perkins, George, and Barbara Perkins. Footnote 1 to The Ministers Black Veil. The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. George Perkins and Barbara Perkins. 12th Ed. Vol. 1. Toronto McGraw Hill, 2009. 937 945.

Cotton Profile

cotton plant hold ons the position of being the most utilize reference in the piece as well as the number one graphic symbol apply for dress out in the United States (Willbank). Cotton belongs to the same family of hibiscus and okra. Among like wools species be the American Upland Cotton, a low multi-branch shrub grown annu tout ensembley the long fictional character Egyptian and the Sea Island cottons botanically grown in Egypt and brought to the U. S. and the Pima, originally known as American-Egyptian cotton (Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association). The exact age of cotton is unknown. Scientists, however, engraft theatrical role and ball fragments from the TehuacA?n Valley of Mexico, which they determined to be about 7000 years old. Cotton has been grown and used in India for more or less 5000 years (Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association). About 3000 years ago, it was grown and do into cloth in the Indus River Valley in Pakistan (Willbanks), the same time Egyptians in t he Nile Valley do and wore cotton clothing (The Story of Cotton). More than 1,300 years ago, Chinese emperor Ou-ti was recorded to have faded a cotton robe in his succession to the throne (framework Exhange). In approximately 800 A. D. , Arab merchants brought cotton in Europe.In 1492, Christopher Columbus found cotton in the Bahama Islands (Willbanks). In 1607, cotton was one of the earliest crops grown by European settlers in Jamestown colony (Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association). In 1730, the first machinery to spin cotton was used in England. It was in 1793 when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine used to separate cotton fiber from the seed. This gin made the separation process 50 times faster than doing it by bowl over (Willbanks). Today the whole world knows cotton. Its major producing countries are China, which produced approximately 20 million bales of cotton, and the United States, with 17.2 million bales of cotton production in 2000 (The Many Faces of Cotton) . Other major producers are the Soviet States, and India, while less producing countries include Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Iran, and Sudan (Textile Exchange). thither are three types of cotton, namely, low to medium grade cotton, better grade cotton, and organic cotton. The type found in mass-produced goods and cotton blend goods are called low to medium grade cotton. Better grades are the type with longer-staple cotton, often found in fine quality shirts and beddings.Examples of this type are the Egyptian cotton, Pima, Supima, American Egyptian, and Sea Island. Cotton grown without use of any pesticide and fertilizer is called organic cotton (Willbanks). Some of the celebrated manufacturers of cotton are Barhardt Manufacturing, BBA Nonwovens Veratec, Brannoc Fibers, Ltd. , Cotton Incorporated, Ihsan Sons (PVT) Limited, Leigh Fibers, and Textiles and Nonwovens Directory (Hegde et al. ) Based on the historical accounts on cotton fiber, it primarily served the patter n of clothing in various parts of the world.However, in the early 20th Century, a few cotton mills in the U. S. found ways to upgrade the waste cotton fibers into saleable products. This was the goal they had that was why they bonded fiber waste with latex and resin, whose end product was industry wipes (Hegde et al. ) Products such as draperies, table cloths, napkins, and wiping towels were highly-developed after the World War II (Hegde et al. ). As people discovered mechanics and invented machines, cotton fiber served more and newer purposes than it originally did.Cotton is not only used for simple clothing but in a wide range of products and end uses, such as the basic apparel blouses, shirts, dresses, childrens wear, active wear, separates, swimwear, suits, jackets, sweaters, neckwear, skirts, boxershorts and hosiery (Swicoli AG Textile Services) shoes, handbags, and luggage (Willbanks) home fashion curtains, bed spreads, comforters, throws, sheets, table mats (Swicoli AG Te xtile Services), upholstery fabrics, rugs, wall coverings, and tobacco cloth sanitary supplies industrial abrasives book bindings (Willbanks) and medical and cosmetic applications bandages and wound plasters (Swicoli AG Textile Services). It was found out in 1994 that 63 luck of cotton was utilized for apparel, 29 percent for home furnishings, and eight percent for industrial products and exportations (Willbanks). Within the last decade, bleached cotton fiber used for processing on conventional non-woven equipment has attracted interest and became available, particularly in medical and healthcare applications like in wiping and wiper markets and some apparel markets. However, since bleached cotton for non-woven application is relatively new, it is quite an expensive fiber and its sources are few (Hegde et al. ).Cotton fiber was also tapped to help control the problem of soil erosion. Mulch & ejaculate Innovations, together with Cotton Incorporated and the Agricultural Research Se rvice of the United States Department of Agriculture, has created two all-natural cotton-fiber hydro mulch products to answer the soil erosion problem. These mulches are more favorable than wood, paper, or synthetic ones because they allow poop seeds to develop faster while protecting the soil against heavy wind and rain (Delta Farm Press). This is all because cotton is porous, absorbent, and biodegradable, which makes it perfect for controlling soil erosion and developing seed (qtd. in Delta Farm Press).Cottons popularity is rooted from its desirable properties, which includes aesthetics, comfort, breathability, absorbency, soft hand, durability, and easy care (Shukr US). Cotton fabric, which is 100 percent untreated, has a idyllic matte luster a soft drape (Willbanks) or fall (Shukr USA) and a smooth hand (Willbanks) or appearance to the eye (Shukr USA). Cotton fabric is also known to be very prosperous due to its soft hand (Willbanks). In addition, it possesses excellent absor bency or ability to take in and hold wet. However, it is not good at releasing it, thus poor wickability or ability to transport moisture perspiration away from the body to the garments surface (Shukr USA).Moreover, cotton is known for its breathability or logical argument permeability, the ability of a fabric to allow air to pass through its construction. However, when cotton fabric becomes likewise moist or wet, its breathability is reduced (Shukr USA). Another undesirable feature of cotton fabric is that it wrinkles and shrinks easily. But with treatment or blending with polyester, wrinkles and shrinks are both reduced (Shukr USA). Cotton fabrics require easy care. They can be machine washed and dried. But sunlight harms cotton, causing it to oxidize and turn yellow. Acids also harm cotton fabrics. Cotton fabrics can be bleached but not too much since this will demoralise the fibers (Willbanks). The cotton fiber is preferred by majority of consumers worldwide.This is why i t will continue to increase its share in the fabric market (Hegde et al. ). Thanks to cottons rich history, desirable properties, and variety of uses, brio now is more comfortable. Works Cited Cotton. Swicofil AG Textile Services. 12 October 2007 . Fiber History. Textile Exchange. 12 October 2007 . Hegde, Raghavendra, et al. Cotton Fibers. University of Tennessee Knoxville. 2004 April. 12 October 2007 . History of Cotton. Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association. 2001. 12 October 2007 . Penton Media.Cotton-fiber hydromulch option for erosion control. Delta Farm Press. 28 September 2007. 12 October 2007 . Shukr USA. 2007. Fabric Guide. 12 October 2007 . The Story of Cotton. Cotton Counts Education Resources. 12 October 2007 . The Many Faces of Cotton. Cotton Counts Education Resources. 12 October 2007 . Willbanks, Amy. Cotton. Fabrics. Net. 12 October 2007. .