Understanding Cocaine Addiction

Understanding Cocaine Addiction Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Print Understanding Cocaine Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 03, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery As a Schedule II controlled substance, the recreational use of cocaine is illegal in the United States. It carries this federal classification because it is considered a substance with a high potential for misuse and severe psychological or physical dependence. When defining cocaines addiction potential, the short answer is that cocaine is addictive. But not everyone who uses cocaine gets addicted, so the long and most complete answer is that many factors affect whether someone who uses will develop a cocaine addiction. One of the primary issues with conversations about substance addiction is the focus on the drug rather than the mental health and history of the person taking it. Statistically, the rate of substance use disorders among people who have taken cocaine is low. A 2006 epidemiological study showed that about 80% of people who use cocaine are not chemically dependent two years later.?? However, the remaining 20% are at risk of developing a use disorder. But as with any drug, all who take it are at risk of its negative side effects. 6 Things to Know About Cocaine Addiction The exact time that it takes for cocaines subjective effects to be felt varies depending on the route of administrationâ€"whether it is smoked, injected, taken orally, or snorted.Smoking  crack cocaine  and being younger at the time of first cocaine use are both significant risk factors for addiction.You can reduce, although not eliminate, the risks associated with cocaine use with harm reduction strategies.After the initial crash, cocaine withdrawal symptoms can last for weeks or months.Cocaine addiction, referred to as stimulant use disorder in the DSM-5, is a disorder characterized by a number of criteria, of which the experience of withdrawal symptoms is but one. DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders Factors That Influence Addiction Potential Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant. The pharmacological mechanism of cocaine influences how users can develop stimulant use disorder. Cocaine takes effect quickly and wears off quickly, giving people who use it a tendency to want to use more, often over a short period of time. Cocaine has a relatively short  half-life, which means that the subjective effects (also known as the high)  occur quicklyâ€"instantly if smoked, within three to five minutes if snorted, and 15 to 30 minutes if injected.?? Consequently, the  comedown  occurs relatively soon after, typically between one and three hours after taking the drug, and the quick onset of withdrawal effects can encourage a pattern of use known as binge and crash. This pattern of excessive use for a period, followed by exhaustion and much more limited use, followed by a higher rate of consumption, has been observed in animal and human studies to increase the risk of dependence and addiction.?? The purity of the cocaine used also has a large influence on whether a person develops stimulant use disorder. Cocaine purchased in underground markets may be as little as 10% pure, with up to 90% of the substance being made up of other substances that are mixed in. Often, the substances used to cut cocaine are chosen because they look, taste, or feel like cocaine, such as pseudoephedrine, levamisole, benzocaine, or caffeine. Some of the substances used, such as amphetamine and methamphetamine, carry their own addiction potential. Others have cross-tolerance with cocaine. How Set and Setting Affect Cocaine Addiction Research with people who use recreational drugs has shown that  set and setting, or the  psychological and physical contexts of drug use, can influence whether a person develops a substance use disorder.?? Even animals have a tendency to use cocaine in areas they associate with the drug, over and above areas they preferred before cocaine exposure. Using cocaine in situations that feel good may make it more difficult to enjoy the same situation without the drug in the future. Animal and human studies have also shown an increase in cocaine self-administration when food is restricted. This finding has important implications for people who are restricting their food intake to aid weight loss, particularly if they are also using cocaine as an appetite suppressant, to increase their energy level, or to increase their metabolism. Things to Consider About Cocaine Use While it can be a pleasant  high  for some people, cocaine can be unpredictable, causing over-stimulation, erratic social behavior, the risk of mental and physical health problems, and even death from  overdose. A person is more likely to develop stimulant use disorder if they have  low self-esteem, if they have a mental health problem such as anxiety, depression, or psychosis, if anyone in their family has a substance use disorder, or if they have a history of  abuse.?? If any of these issues are affecting you, you should avoid cocaine use, or indeed any substance use, and seek help for the underlying issues, rather than try to overcome or avoid it through cocaine use. Your family doctor can help you with this and refer you to a specialist who can give you appropriate treatment. What to Know About Cocaine Use Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorder If you are already into a pattern of using cocaine, seek help from your doctor or an addiction clinic.?? Your doctor can help you manage your withdrawal symptoms to increase your comfort and reduce the risk of relapse. Effective treatment for stimulant use disorder also requires treatment of any comorbid conditions. Often, excessive cocaine use is a coping mechanism for dealing with other challenges in a persons life. The reality is that those challenges will still be there after a person stops using cocaine. As a result, if you are trying to stop using cocaine its very important that you also seek supportive mental health treatment.?? There are effective treatments, and your doctor can help you determine which is right for you. The 7 Best Mental Health Apps A Word From Verywell Most people who use cocaine dont have long-term problems with addiction, but the risks that come with even occasional use are serious. If you or a loved one has a problem with cocaine use, there is help available. If youre unsure where to turn, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers an anonymous online treatment locator, or you can call their National Helpline for a referral at 1-800-662-HELP (4357). What to Expect From Cocaine Withdrawal

Information Assurance And Security Issues - 1308 Words

Information Security Issues J00496794 Shravya gone Abstract This paper presents the information security risks in daily life. In this paper I will discuss the information assurance risks and discuss each threat by providing asset, threat source, threat cause and provide the countermeasures for each threat. This paper also provides the background of the issues (i.e, literature review) and ends with the conclusion and the future work. Introduction Nowadays information assurance is one of the most challenging field. It has a crucial role in our daily life. Information security is securing the information and its components. We can define the value of information by its categories such as availability, integrity, confidentiality. Management†¦show more content†¦People have many details in the smart phones like credit card, debit card details and all the passwords, when this is lost then that would be the big issue. †¢ Threat Source Category: Unintentional Insider can be the threat category for mobile device attacks. †¢ Information Asset: Cell phones and laptop itself is the information asset †¢ Asset Category: Data/ Information is the asset category. †¢ Threat Cause: Negligence is the cause of the threat. Countermeasures: The basic prevention countermeasure is a strong password for the laptop and the mobile device. Must install the GPS tracker in our laptop and mobile phone so that we can track the device when it is lost or stolen. Should activate the microphones even though if the phone is off. Must install a protection software and also should not enable the automatic login to the applications. The final thing is backup the data frequently. Social Media: The employees accessing their social media sites from the company s network results in risks when they click on the malicious links on social networking sites which let the hijackers attack their system. If the hackers target the employee in the company then he will gather all the information about the employee like Facebook profile, mobile devices, passwords, working hours and also tracks the target. We also face the danger by some applications like games from where the hackers can gain the passwords and personal information. †¢ Threat SourceShow MoreRelatedInformation Security And Assurance Department924 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Security and Assurance Department Because of identity theft, terrorism, and other criminal activities, President Obama has made information security a national priority. Not only is information security and assurance an American priority, it is also a global issue. Information security and assurance includes of data confidentiality, integrity, and availability along with accountability and confidence all is well with the processes (White, G. L., Hewitt, B., Kruck, S. E. 2013). OurRead MoreInformation Security And Assurance Department1685 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Security and Assurance Department Within any organization, Information Security and Assurance has a huge role in protecting the network systems by all means necessary. This is why the Information Security and Assurance Department plays a key role in defeating the threat of today and the future. The first and foremost task we must execute is to conduct an analysis on the current information technology systems. Upon recognizing and discovering several issues within the organization’s existingRead MoreA Complete Risk Mitigation Strategy997 Words   |  4 Pagesfor IA programs and organizations. An incident response and disaster recovery plan in the event of intrusion and disaster how well and organization deals with incidents gives a picture of how well they have implemented their IA plan. Gathering information is an important part of any plan in the military we used a term called rearward or backward planning. I mentioned this to help explain how I intend to develop my incident response plan. Planning before during and after an incident putting on yourRead MoreTaking a Look at Information Warfare1781 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Over the last decades, information warfare has become a societal issue. Research shows that information warfare does not exclude to military, and have penetrated into commercial word. This issue, is a threat for organization and their assets. (Knapp,Boulton, 2006) Information is a valuable asset for businesses and organizations. Advances in information technology facilities the storing, transferring, and modifying of data. Organizations use information technologies such as the InternetRead MoreQuestions On Procurement Desktop Defense Operations1643 Words   |  7 PagesOperations Freddy R. Orellana American Military University Information Assurance for Procurement Desktop Defense (PD2) How to protect PD2 operations in a network environment? PD2 is the primary software used by the Department of Defense (DoD) for the acquisition of all commodities, supplies, and services required to accomplish the mission worldwide. Therefore, the proper application of the information assurance (IA) principles is vital in order to create a secure environment. To accomplishRead MoreInformation Assurance Is Important For Our Future Business Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesAs web technology usage increase for businesses so does the need for security. Our web presence here at Information Assurance is very important to the growth of the business. Our webservers are a crucial element of our web infrastructure and a single vulnerability can lead to a security breach which can affect Information Assurance’s creditability. Which is why we must have webserver security a high priority for our growing business. Our webserver hosts our website over the internet for client interactRead MoreInformation Assurance Policies Developed Within The Title Insurance Industry1729 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction How are information assurance policies developed within the title insurance industry? While each organization can choose to follow its own path, there is an established set of best practices available. These best practices are available from the American Land Title Association, and they address most of the issues that are related to information assurance in the industry, but do these practices completely cover all of the necessary areas of information assurance or are there weaknessesRead MoreThe Types of Feedback Support and Advice That Internal Assessment and Quality Assurance Staff May Need960 Words   |  4 Pages4.1 Critically compare the types of feedback, support and advice that internal assessment and quality assurance staff may need to maintain and improve the quality of assessment Types of feedback, support and advice that internal assessment and quality assurance staff may need to maintain and improve the quality of assessment include verbal, written, directive, developmental, guidance, and signposting. Verbal feedback includes straightforward verbal responses from staff, clients, or stakeholdersRead MoreRole Of Core Technologies On An Effective It System Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent function in today’s era. The core roles of these technologies play an important part to keep this world as we know it to operating on a day to day basis. The basis of the technology that makes IT System useful is Computer Networks, Information Assurance, Wed Technologies, Database, Computer Programs and Programming. In order for IT System to become active first Computer Programs and Programming must be put in place. Computer Programs and Programming are simple terms an executable set of commandsRead MoreEssential Operations Of Information Systems1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe essential operations of information systems sustained by of critical infrastructure rely on the explicit functionality of software applications supporting complex, interdependent, information systems. The software application provides the virtual framework for information systems to operate efficiently in a critical infrastructure. Information systems consistently communicate with supplementary information systems positioned throughout the network to support the infrastructure’s essential operations

Manifesto Of The Communist Party - 920 Words

The Communist Manifesto, originally drafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between those classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzed understanding of class struggles and the issues concerning capitalism, the means and modes of production and how those means affect the classes as a whole. Every society is structured or designed with the intention to form social classes; classes that will determine the social mobility of each individual living within it. Within the social hierarchy, there is inevitably one class that essentially oppresses the others. The Communist Manifesto features The Bourgeoisie and The Proletarians, and explains that the relationship between the two classes is a common frictional relationship that has occurred countless times throughout history. It explains that the modern Bourgeoisie will eventually fall, due to their inability to maintain a lifestyle for the proletarians; which is ultimately caused by the instability of capitalism. The goals of Communism are clearly set forward in the process. Marx informs us that Communism is established to achieve 3 major things: to solidly formShow MoreRelatedThe Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Manifesto of the Communist party is a book written in 1847, by a group of radical workers part the â€Å"Communist League.† Including the radical workers, the group comprised of Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. They met in London to write a manifesto on their behalf, which would be famously known as the Communist Manifesto. Marx was the principle author, while Engels was mainly focused on editing and assisting. The Communist Manifesto was originally published in London in 1848. TheRead MoreThe Manifesto Of The Communist Party758 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx and Engels elaborate a bold thesis on the trajectory of history. Their argument is an important sociological step in social and economic analysis but it fails to provide a convincing account. Marx and Engels provide a telling account of the historical process of economic and social change. They cogently examine the role that the rise of capitalistic markets has had on the social order, exposing the shift of hierarchical distinctions from lord and serfRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesIn the chapter, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† in The Marx-Engels Reader book, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels had broken up the topic of the Communist Party up to four parts: 1. â€Å"Bourgeois and Proletarians†, 2. â€Å"Proletarians and Communists†, 3. â€Å"Socialist and Communist Literature†, and 4. â€Å"Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties.† In this essay, I’ll be focusing on the first two parts of the â€Å"Manifesto† since there are so much information to cover withinRead More The Manifesto of the Communist Party Essay1346 Words   |  6 Page sThe Manifesto of the Communist Party Drafted in 1848 by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, the â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† outlines the views, tendencies, and aims of the communist party through the so-called philosophy of historical materialism (Distante). These views were expressed throughout four distinct sections of the â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party.† The first section describes the relationship between the bourgeois and the proletarians. The next section depicts theRead MoreChapter Of Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Mark 344). This is the famous sentence with which Karl Marx begins the first chapter of Manifesto of the Communist Party, by using the word class this would imply ordering people into societal groups. Karl Marx was referring to economic class, however, society can be grouped into many different classes, such as, economic standing, gender, or race. Each provides an interesting view on how different values have shapedRead MoreMarx And Engels, The Manifesto Of The Communist Party888 Words   |  4 Pages Marx and Engels , The Manifesto of the Communist Party The Manifesto of the Communist party was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Friedrich Engels was also a German philosopher, social scientist, and journalist. Friedrich Engels helped came up with the Marxist theory alongside Karl Marx, they also worked on the Communist manifesto which gave a general insight to theRead MoreMarx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1933 Words   |  8 Pageswas a humanist, materialist, and a philosopher, not an economist, contrary to popular belief. â€Å"[†¦] a man engaged in endless internecine political and philosophical warfare† (Menand, 2016, pg. 2). He is the author to the popular text, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† (1848), where Marx defined communism, discussed how industrial capitalism is evil, alienation versus objectification, liberation from alienation, types of class struggles in society, diale ctical materialism, and socialism. Marx haveRead MoreMarx s Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay2332 Words   |  10 Pagesclass family in Germany. He is one of the most important people in the history mostly due to his ideas that people refer to as Marxism, which includes many essays and theories about politics and economics. His most famous work is called Manifesto of the Communist party. In this manuscript, along with his friend Friedrich Engels, he states that the best way for a society to develop is through a revolution and struggle in which the working class will rise against the bourgeoisie or the ruling class. TheyRead MoreNew Democracy And Manifesto Of Korean Communist Party1273 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy and Manifesto of Korean Communist Party In January of 1940, Zedong Mao delivered a speech during a liberal conference in Yan’an, the center of communism and socialism in China. In the speech, Mao argued that the fate of Chinese revolution must be held in hands of proletariats, and as a leading result, the revolution must construct China as a socialism country. Two decades ago, in 1921, Shanghai, Korean communists also declared their country’s independence by publishing The Manifesto of KoreanRead MoreMarx And Friedrich Engels s Manifesto Of The Communist Party948 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1848 Karl Marx and his close friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels wrote The Manifesto of the Communist Party as a platform for the Communist League, a society to which they both belonged. This essay will explore the types of societies that this document describes, as well as the effects that Industrial Capitalism had on societal and individual levels. The Communist Manifesto focuses mainly on describing the society that the authors fear or that already exists, rather than the society that

Team Assignment Free Essays

My original community was in Hartland, Wisconsin. This is a predominately caucasian population. Most of the families that I grew up around were extremely wealthy and came from happy families. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Community members in this area were most likely to contribute to the community with their monetary donations rather than volunteering. My neighborhood alone was populated with Lawyers, Doctors, Pharmacists, Dentists and the ever famous â€Å"Businessman. † Those were the fathers that no one really knew what their job entailed. Every so often a more modern family would move into the neighborhood, in my case, that was my family. A single mother and a her only child. My mother was a grocery store manager, a difficult task in its self but nothing as important, to other people, as a Doctor. The mothers of the families with fathers who made the â€Å"bread† would often get together for afternoon walks around the town, and baking nights. Community events took place mostly in the summer as Wisconsin is bitter cold in the winter. During the summer months community members would all gather on the streets downtown and sing and dance and drink. There would also be cookouts at the town grocery store in honor of different charities and school programs in the area. I would work the cook outs for my basketball team and track teams. It was a nice time and it allowed everyone to get together in the summer. Everyone in our community was nice, respected and respectful. When something would happen, such as an accident with high school students, it would effect the entire town. We had upstanding members of our community like the Chief of Police, who was a father of a daughter in my grade. He created a memorial for all the students who were lost in high school. It still stands tall in our town square. After we lost young members of our community, firefighters, police officers, emergency medical transponders would volunteer their off time to give speeches to all ages about the dangers of being un-responsible behind the wheel. Men of the community stepped up and pushed for a curfew for anyone under the age of 18. Tragedy made my community stronger and more resilient. As a community I think our town did everything it could to give its residents a beautiful, safe, welcoming town to call home. I am so proud to call Hartland, Wisconsin a part of my life. As a member of the community, I think that being a good student, working at the local stores, and watching community children makes me a good member of the community. As a member of that community in my heart still, I send my monetary donation bi-annually for park maintenance and keeping the community clean. How to cite Team Assignment, Papers

Impact and Issues of Information Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact and Issues of Information Technology. Answer: This essay highlights the ICT impact on business, culture and society. The impact of ICT on the business, retail stores, in schools has been detailed in this essay. The adverse effect has also been focussed in this essay as well. ICT impacts on business have been depicted in this essay. Information Technology has greater impact on the business activities of an organisation. With the help of computers one can store files, can send and receive files as well. This makes the whole thing agile and efficient[1]. The individuals can use Excel to store the payables, inventory sales and receivables, the employees in the organisation can even use the accounting software to store the tax records and the data for conducting the business smoothly. Now with the advent of internet, the employees in the organisations can use the cloud services to store the files and also can share the file online[2]. This facilitates to use the files and modify the files online. With the advent of internet, the business organisations now can carry out their marketing ventures online, can take orders, they also have the option to purchase merchandise. The marketing options carried out online via the marketing tools, one can use ones business management capabilities to communicate with the employees and the contractors to enhance the marketing. The business organisations employees must keep themselves updated all the time to know more about the business, to keep an eye on the competitors, to know the latest trends, the information accumulated can help them in comparing the proposals related to insurance; handle the employees of the organisations[3]. Even with the help of electronic mail one can send important files and can communicate with each other, in this way ICT can embellish the business activities, this ICT can enrich any industry, it can create huge impact on the automobiles, tourism, retail and textiles. ICT impacts on society have been highlighted in this essay.ICT has also greater impact on the society; with the help of ICT now people are working as freelancers, they are working from home. The representatives of the small businesses or the telecommuter companies generally work from home, the managers always stay in touch with the employees in this way[4]. The companies provide online services to their customers all throughout day and night 24x7 via ICT technology. ICT can help the individuals who are not capable to work outside. ICT also facilitates online shopping; the customers can purchase books dresses at will from the online shopping sites. The use of ICT and introduction of work from home concept can reduce the number of working offices; it too can reduce the traffic pollution. The physically disabled people can be largely benefitted from the ICT technology. ICT is also beneficial for students, teachers and thus ICT create an impact on the society. The ICT can help in acquiring information or knowledge that is fruitful, ICT is used in schools to store vital information of the students as well as the staffs. The schools and the colleges use ICT to manage the administration system[5]. The students of the college with the help of ICT can search for the study materials online; can search for blogs, e-learning portals and also the wiki. The ICT can save a lot of money as well, with the help of ICT they do not have to write on paper and also need not have to submit the paper the students can write answer, submit all in the form of e-paper. Therefore, these are the benefits provided by the ICT to the society. ICT impacts on culture have been showcased too in this essay. ICT has greater impact on the culture; technology has made the travelling from place to place from city to village and vice versa more convenient. Previously people ride on horses or bullocks, now they ride on vehicles like boats, buses and bikes[6]. Now all the school premises use the computer that makes the things easier. Now the teachers as well as the students can use the computer for the better learning outcomes. The technology has affected the farmers a lot, they now plant crops or harvest their crops with the help of machine, so they do not take the effort like earlier to plough by themselves, for importing and exporting goods, different kinds of vehicles are used to import and export the goods[7]. The technology has a greater impact on communication as well. Now with the advent of smart phone the communication has become easier. With the help of video chat and messaging helps to stay connected all the time. ICT has adverse effect as well so ICT should be used ethically to mitigate the risks associated with it. The over usage of internet makes one lazy, now the users do not take the initiative to write in full words. The light emitting from the laptops and the computers is also harmful; the users can lose their eyesight due to the emission of the light[8]. The rays can cause cancer due to this light. The food nowadays is prepared as well prepared on the basis of technology and is really harmful, the users are facing severe illness and diseases due to the bad quality of food consumption. Nowadays users do not feel comfortable or feel hesitant to speak to the persons rather they just concentrate on chatting with each other, this effect the communication skills a lot. Even the use of smart phone has adverse effects, artificial light emitting out from the phone can affects users sleep[9]. As the users spend time communicating with others via phone messages, no physical contact occurs and tha t result in misunderstanding among others, different words has different meanings, different attitudes, this can cause a negative impact on the individuals. ICT also encourages the intruders in this scenario, they hack the computer system over the insecure network and exploit the personal files of the individuals, they injected virus and malware into the system which makes the software unusable, also it makes the whole operating system unbootable, they too sabotage the whole computer system and ask for money to release the system[10]. At the time of online money transaction, experienced intruders can hack or attack the system and steal the money, during shopping the customers book something while they receive the item they find that they get another product which does not look like the same, some organisations take away all the necessary personal information of the customers for their own benefits, sometimes that data can be hacked and then the privacy of the customer gets compromis ed[11]. The use of computers and internet results in breakups and the loneliness is increasing day by day. The users also search for illegal explicit things on the Internet and that is an adverse effect of ICT as well[12]. Due to the dependence of the information technology the students become less active. The money laundering also happens due to the improper usage of the Internet. It can be concluded from the above discourse the impact of information and communication technology on culture, society, and business as well as the retailing industry. The adverse effect of the ICT has been showcased too in this essay. Therefore, ICT should be handled and use properly. References Andrade, Antonio Diaz, and Bill Doolin. "Information and communication technology and the social inclusion of refugees."Mis Quarterly40, no. 2 (2016): 405-416. Bascand, Geoff. "Household use of information and communication technology: 2012."Retrieved from Statistics New Zealand: https://www. stats. govt. nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/information_technology_and_communications/HouseholdUseofICT_HOTP2012. aspx(2013). Bilbao-Osorio, Beat, Soumitra Dutta, and Bruno Lanvin. "The global information technology report 2013." InWorld Economic Forum, pp. 1-383. 2013. Bloom, Nicholas, Luis Garicano, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization."Management Science60, no. 12 (2014): 2859-2885. Chesley, Noelle. "Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress."Work, employment and society28, no. 4 (2014): 589-610. Hashim, Junaidah. "Information communication technology (ICT) adoption among SME owners in Malaysia."International Journal of Business and Information2, no. 2 (2015). Keller, Jonas, and A. Heiko. "The influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on future foresight processesResults from a Delphi survey."Technological Forecasting and Social Change85 (2014): 81-92. Lee, Younghwa, Jintae Lee, and Yujong Hwang. "Relating motivation to information and communication technology acceptance: Self-determination theory perspective."Computers in Human Behavior51 (2015): 418-428. Limbu, Yam B., C. Jayachandran, and Barry J. Babin. "Does information and communication technology improve job satisfaction? The moderating role of sales technology orientation."Industrial Marketing Management43, no. 7 (2014): 1236-1245. Luo, Yadong, and Juan Bu. "How valuable is information and communication technology? A study of emerging economy enterprises."Journal of World Business51, no. 2 (2016): 200-211. Ritzhaupt, Albert D., Feng Liu, Kara Dawson, and Ann E. Barron. "Differences in student information and communication technology literacy based on socio-economic status, ethnicity, and gender: Evidence of a digital divide in Florida schools."Journal of Research on Technology in Education45, no. 4 (2013): 291-307. Vaishnavi, Vijay K., and William Kuechler.Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press, 2015.

The Material Used To Make The Bible Essays - Textual Scholarship

The Material Used To Make The Bible Introduction The bible is most read book in the world today, as we know it. It is also the longest lasting book or should I say oldest, still available in our bookshelves across the world. The Lord has blessed us with the technology that we have today. We have computers, laptops, typewriters, and even pocket size machines that are capable of writing things down, or even voice recordings. But think back to the days when the words that fill the pages of the bible were being lived and mapped out. What was the time like in those days? Think, back of the tools that were used just to give us the book we know today as our guide to know the real God. I know that even now we still struggle with this process, but think how much harder it must have been for those people of that times period to write pages beyond pages of stories and accounts. The endless hours it must have taken to write just one book of the bible. The process of gathering information and the fact that all these books could have survived th e times and be brought all together to form just one single book that would last over a thousand years later. In this paper I will tell you al little about the various tools used by the writers of the bible. Papyrus Papyrus is a water plant whose fibers were used by the people of Egypt to make a writing material. It also was used as material for mats, sandals, and sailcloth. The brownish flowers were made into garlands for the shrines of the Egyptian gods. Many people think the mother of Moses hid her son in an ark made of Papyrus. The papyrus plant still grows in the Nile valley of Egypt. It is also found in Ethiopia, Syria, southern Italy, and Sicily. The plants reedlike stems grow 3 to 20 feet high. As many as 100 flowers stalks spring from the top of each stem. These stalks may be more than 12 inches long. The Egyptians made a writing material also called papyrus, by laying strips of the plants stems in layers, and then placing them under pressure. The crushed Strips matted into a loose-textured, porous, white paper. Time has been known to turn surviving papyrus manuscripts brown and brittle. The paper was sold as long rectangular sheets of different sizes. The sheets were at first rolled an d tied with string, Later there were bound together into books. Until the 100s BC, Egypt guarded its monopoly on the preparation of the paper. Then the more durable parchment gradually replaced papyrus. This is also known as the most popular writing material of the time. Parchment Parchment is animal skin that has been prepared as a surface for writing. The word parchment usually means a writing material, made from the skins of sheep, goats, or calves, thus meaning them to be very long lasting. Parchment scrolls have survived from about 1500 BC. In making parchment, the skins are first washed and then placed in lime to remove the hair and fat. Next, the skins are stretched on a frame and thinned with knives and scrapers. Finally, the skins are rubbed with chalk and pumice in order to create a smooth, white writing surface. A form of fine, high-quality parchment called vellum is made from the skins of calves or lambs. Vellum has been used for important writings such as charters, university diplomas, and wills. Heavy parchment is made from the skins of calves, donkeys, goats, and wolves. It is used for drumheads. Dipping pure, unsized paper into a cooled mixture of sulfuric acid and water, and then washing and drying it under pressure make parchment paper, also called vegetable parchment. This process makes the paper partly transparent and much stronger than ordinary paper. Parchment paper is used for legal documents and maps. Parchment was especially popular in the ancient cities of Asia Minor. The Jews, Persians, and other ancient people used it for sacred and literary writings. Beginning about 200 BC, parchment gradually replaced papyrus as the most commonly used writing material. Parchment remained the leading writing material in the

Emily Dickinsons Mother, Emily Norcross

Emily Dickinsons Mother, Emily Norcross Emily Dickinson is one of the most mysterious writers in literary history. Although she was a literary genius, only eight of her poems were published in her life, and she lived a secluded existence. But, this quiet life at home can be compared to the isolated life her mother lived. About Emilys Mother: Emily Norcross Emily Norcross was born on July 3, 1804, and she married Edward Dickinson on May 6, 1828. The couples first child, William Austin Dickinson, was born just 11 months later. Emily Elizabeth Dickinson  was born on December 10, 1830, and her sister, Lavinia Norcross Dickinson (Vinnie) was born several years later on February 28, 1833. From what we know of Emily Norcross, she seldom left home, only making brief visits to relatives. Later, Dickinson would rarely leave home, spending most of her days in the same house. She isolated herself more and more as she grew older, and she seemed to become more selective in whom she saw from her circle of family and friends. Of course, one marked difference between Dickinson and her mother is that she never married. There has been a great deal of speculation about why Emily Dickinson never married. In one of her poems, she writes, Im wife; Ive finished that... and She rose to his requirement... / To take the honorable work / Of woman and of wife. Perhaps she had a long-lost lover. Perhaps, she chose to live a different sort of life, without leaving home and without marrying. Whether it was a choice, or simply a matter of circumstance, her dreams came to fruition in her work. She could imagine herself in and out of love and marriage. And, she was always free to spend her flood of words, with passionate intensity. For whatever reason, Dickinson did not marry. But even her relationship with her mother was troubled. The Strain of Having an Unsupportive  Mother Dickinson once wrote to her mentor, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, My Mother does not care for thought-- , which was foreign to the way Dickinson lived. Later she wrote to Higginson: Could you tell me what home is. I never had a mother. I suppose a mother is one to whom you hurry when you are troubled. Dickinsons relationship with her mother may have been strained, especially during her earliest years. She could not look to her mother for support in her literary efforts, but none of the members of her family or friends saw her as a literary genius. Her father saw Austin as the genius and never looked beyond. Higginson, while supportive, described her as partially cracked. She had friends, but none of them really understood the true extent of her genius. They found her witty, and they enjoyed corresponding with her through letters. In many ways, though, she was completely alone. On June 15, 1875, Emily Norcross Dickinson suffered a paralytic stroke and suffered from a long period of illness thereafter. This period of time may have had more influence on her seclusion from society than any other, but it was also a way for the mother and daughter to become closer than ever before. For Dickinson, it was also just another small step away into her upper roominto her writing. Vinnie said that one of the daughters must be constantly at home. She explains her sisters seclusion by saying that Emily chose this part. Then, Vinnie said that Emily, finding the life with her books and nature so congenial, continued to live it... A Caretaker Till the End Dickinson cared for her mother for the final seven years of her life, until her mother died on November 14, 1882. In a letter to Mrs. J.C. Holland, she wrote: The dear Mother that could not walk, has flown. It never occurred to us that she had not Limbs, she had Wingsand she soared from us unexpectedly as a summoned Bird Dickinson could not understand what it meant: the death of her mother. She had experienced so much death in her life, not only with the deaths of friends and acquaintances, but the death of her father, and now her mother. She had wrestled with the idea of death; she had feared it, and she wrote many poems about it. In Tis so appalling, she wrote, Looking at death is dying. So, her mothers final end was hard for her, especially after such a long illness. Dickinson wrote to Maria Whitney: All is faint indeed without our vanished mother, who achieved in sweetness what she lost in strength, though grief of wonder at her fate made the winter short, and each night I reach finds my lungs more breathless, seeking what it means. Emilys mother might not have been the genius that her daughter was, but she influenced Dickinsons life in ways she probably didnt even realize. In total, Dickinson wrote 1,775 poems in her life. Would Emily have written so many, or would she have written any at all, if she had not lived that solitary existence at home? She lived for so many years alonein the room of her own. Sources: Emily Dickinson Biography Emily Dickinson Poems