Us Accounting Standards vs. International Accounting...

United States Accounting Standards vs International Accounting Standards June 21, 2009 Introduction This research project will inform the reader of the difference between the United States accounting standards and International accounting standards. The United States uses the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to issue financial reporting procedures. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). There are proposals for the United States to adopt the International standards. Financial reporting procedures are debated about the United States using the Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures (GAAP) or following the global procedures. This†¦show more content†¦David Bogoslaw (2008) talks about the convergence in further detail, â€Å"The uproar over fair value accounting practices, which some critics have blamed for the depths of the global financial crisis, threatens to sink a long-sought move by countries around the world toward a single set of international financial reporting standa rds (IFRS). The U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has been working with Londons International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) since 2002 toward what accounting professionals call convergence. The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is expected to announce its road map for conversion sometime this month, which will probably include early adoption in 2010 for about 110 of the largest U.S. companies with business operations throughout the world. The key difference between U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and IFRS is that U.S. standards are based on explicit rules while the international standards reliance on principles gives companies more room to use their judgment in deciding how to recognize revenue and other key metrics. Adoption of IFRS would also probably trigger a big tax hike for U.S. companies, which would no longer be able to use the last-in-first-out [LIFO] inventory accounting method, which doesnt exist under the international standar ds. The LIFO method assumes that goods purchased most recently are sold first and that theShow MoreRelatedInternational Financial Reporting Standards vs US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles1709 Words   |  7 PagesSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a road map for the United States (US) to implement International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that would eventually lead to the dissolution of US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) (Cox 2008). US GAAP is rules based system of accounting that contains over 25,000 detailed pages of guidance, whereas IFRS is a principles based system of accounting that contains 2,500 pages of guidance. IFRS allows accountants to exercise professionalRead MoreWhere Does the Us Stand on the Adoption of Ifrs?1371 Words   |  6 PagesReport: Where does the US stand on the adoption of IFRS? - 2012 Abstract The globalization of markets over the past 50 years has led to the demand for increasingly comparable financial statements across countries. In response to this demand, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) was formed with the purpose of developing a set of high quality global accounting standards. Although a majority of developed markets have adopted the international standards, the United States has not. Read MoreThe International Accounting Standards Board1249 Words   |  5 Pageschallenged by disparate accounting standards between jurisdictions, preventing the free flow of capital worldwide. The mission of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is to develop a single set of accounting standards, enabling capital to flow in international markets as easily as information spreads between people. This paper presents a brief history of international accounting standard setting and the IASB, considers arguments for and against international standards, anal yzes problemsRead MoreWhy the U.S Should Not Adopt Ifrs1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdeciding on whether to fully adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), or to stay with the current U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Since this is such a major decision, now would be an opportune time to take a look at what the pros and cons would be of switching to this new way of financial reporting, and in doing so, show why I believe the costs (both financial and otherwise) are too high to adopt a new set of reporting standards. Purpose and Scope The purposeRead MoreIfrs Adoption in the Us - White Paper1463 Words   |  6 Pagescountries around the world already permit or even require public companies to use the new International Financial Accounting Standards IFRS. Among them are the EU, China, Russia, and Brazil. Canada and Korea are expected to adopt IFRS by 2012; Mexico will require all listed companies to adopt IFRS in 2012 (http://www.ifrs.com/ifrs_faqs.html#q1). The U.S., despite a strong initial reluctance to adopt the new standards, are currently working toward a convergence of U.S. GAAP and IFRS. The SEC recently approvedRead MoreDefining Fair Value Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesthe application of the IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors is required to the company or auditors for fair value guidance in other standards (IFRS, Developing common fair value measurement and disclosure requirements in IFRSs and US GAAP, 2010). Now that is a section that I have not investigated into. With the time given, one would have to spend long hours studying all the regulations and standards just as understanding Tax accounting. There is always somethingRead MoreASR 21637 Words   |  7 PagesBUSINESS CONVERGED STANDARD ON REVENUE RECOGNITION IFRS 15-REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS By LE, DOAN YEN NHI 11809946 Word count: 1000 (excluding executive summary and reference) Due date: 18th May 2015, 5 pm Executive summary On May 2014, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) had jointly issue the converged standard, IFRS 15, on the Recognition of Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new standard create a commonRead MoreAccounting Theory -Harmonization of Standards2779 Words   |  12 PagesHarmonization of International Accounting Standards Contents A. Introduction Objective.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 B. Why Harmonization of international accounting standards required†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 C. Factors influencing any Country’s Accounting Standards†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 D. Role of International Accounting Standard Board (IASB)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 E. Moving towards Harmonized International Accounting Standard†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 F. Obstacles and Benefits of the harmonization of International Accounting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreConvergence of Ifrs and Us Gaap15636 Words   |  63 PagesAccountancy Honours Dissertation – Year 2012/2013 Author: David Mcconnell Title: ‘A critical analysis into the convergence of IFRS and US GAAP in the United States’ â€Å"I declare that this dissertation is my own original work and has not been submitted elsewhere, wholly or partly, in the fulfilment of the requirements of this or any other award. Academic citation standards have been maintained and I have made due acknowledgement to the work of others where used in direct quotation and general referenceRead MoreTest Bank Hilton Herauf Modern Ad77200 Words   |  309 Pages- Test Bank - Solution Manual Please visit our website : http://www.needbook1.com/ or contact us at Ebooksmtb@hotmail.com Also you can contact us on Skype: Ebooksmtb Hilton Herauf – Modern Advanced Accounting in Canada – 6th Edition Chapter 1 – A Survey of International Accounting PART 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following would not be a reason to obtain a greater understanding of accounting practices in other nations? a. Financial Results are disclosed in different currencies. b. One

Escaping Salem free essay sample

The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 American Economic and Social History September 26, 2012 The seventeenth century was full of challenges; political, social, and economical. Across the board individuals struggled to live, although the conditions had much improved from the beginning of the colonies. Women in particular had a difficult time fitting into this patriarchal this society. Women were defined by men and were seen as an accessory to men. In the colony of New England women were learning how to have a silent voice, while still maintaining the proper role of time. The way women were seen by men, who ran the colony, and the way men thought, not only about women, but also about the world would sculpt the society and the eventual trials of witches. Escaping Salem by Richard Godbeer illustrates the diverse roles that women played in New England during an eventful witch trial of 1692. Women and the Enlightenment thought influenced the outcome of the Katherine Branch witch trial. Although the book is focused mainly on female characters their descriptions where based of their male counterparts. Godbeer writes to describe Abigail Wescot, â€Å"Abigail’s husband Daniel, who at forty-nine her senior by just over a decade, has become a leading figure in the town†¦That their neighbors recognized Daniel’s qualities was a source of much pleasure to Abigail. † (p. 14) Using her husband to describe her age as well as her likes and dislikes shows how a women is an extension of her husband rather than an individual. Daniel Wescot does play a large role in the story of Kate and her accusations of witchcraft. Throughout the seventeenth century women continue to be hidden by their husband or father. Towards the end of the century women began to allow their private political views to be shared publicly, though religious writings. Although still taboo was the opposing view of their husbands. Having a lack of identity was not the only problem women faced in the 17th century. Seeing as the accused witches were primarily women, the acquisitions can be seen as anit-woman. Many of the accusers were women themselves; however they had a strong male hand pushing them towards the eventual accused. Although in this case (Kate Branch) the Enlightenment thought directly influenced the process of the trail, still the testimony of the women involved held less value than that of a man. Any women seen challenging the thought of a man was at a greater risk of being accused of witchcraft. Daniel Wescot and other men describe incidents involving Goody Disborough and Elizabeth Clawson. These events started with an argument between a man and a women; the man later accused the women of cursing livestock, children, or themselves by witchcraft. Godbeer, 2005) The reason that women were accused was that they disagreed with a man’s point of view. Sadly enlightenment thought did not enlighten the thought that women were intellectually equal to men. The Enlightenment was a primarily a period of intellectual growth, steaming from science to free thought. Science and the judicial system seem to be on opposite ends of the intellectual spectrum, in Escaping Salem however that is disproven. Sc ience is all based on evidence similar to the judicial system. New England’s court system may not have been as advanced as our Supreme Court is now but they still used evidence to prosecute or unfortunately persecute. Stamford’s court systems require two eye witnesses to ever event used to convict. (Godbeer, 2005) Similarly science must have an outcome happen multiple times for it to be considered valid. American Enlightenment focused on religious tolerance and democracy. The use of a court to try the accused witches is another aspect of how Enlightenment shaped the outcome for witches. Unlike in Salem where a large amount of witches were burned at the stake, the Stamford trials had a significantly less amount of witches burned due to the evidence based court trials. The court system was no place for the ideas of men; it was based solely on facts and proof. Another key entity in Enlightenment thought was free thinkers, many of which are well known. What some struggle to realize is everyone took part in free thinking. Thinking freely seems harmless; but what about those who thought freely about witches? Throughout Escaping Salem Godbeer suggests that individuals who were accused of witchcraft asked for it. The way that the women would walk down the street and the way they spoke to respected leaders in society, as mentioned above with the confrontation with Daniel Wescot, both are examples of how women especially Goody Disborough supposedly asked for an accusation. Free thinking of the Enlightenment, which can be linked to the freedom of speech that the United States, allowed individuals to speak out about the supposed witchcraft without fear of persecution. The outcome of Kate Branch’s trial is irrelevant. Women during the 1600s were seen as fragile and could not manage without a man. Free thinking, fragility, and an anit-women idea were major contributors to the witch trials, both how they were processed and why they started in the first place. Women may have been seen as insignificant by men, but their role in the trials was irrefutable. Women’s words convicted and men’s thoughts of women persecuted. References Godbeer, R. (2005). Escaping Salem: The other witch hunt of 1692. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

The Stanford Prison Experiment

Social psychology examines how the personality, attitudes, motivations and actions of individuals are influenced by social groups. Researchers in the field have always been interested in the effects that social and environmental elements have on individuals’ perceptions and behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Stanford Prison Experiment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most common research studies in social psychology is that conducted by Zimbardo, Haney, and Banks in the summer of 1971. This study is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment† or the Zimbardo experiment. The Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971 by Zimbardo proved that social context has a bigger impact on individual behavior than individual characteristics. The Stanford Prison Experiment involved a total of twenty-four male subjects who were selected to participate in the study from a sample of s eventy-five male volunteers. The participants were selected based on their psychological stability determined by a series of tests. Twelve of the participants were assigned to the role of prison guards while the remaining twelve were assigned to the role of prison inmates. The mock prison was at the basement of the psychology center of Stanford University. Guarantee was given to the prisoners that even though some of their fundamental human rights would be violated, they would not be physically abused. However, they were not informed of what to expect. The guards on the other hand were informed about administrative processes but no training for their role was offered to them. They were however prohibited from physically abusing the inmates (Brady and Logsdon 705). On the first day of the experiment, the prisoners were apprehended and donned in prison attire while the guards were donned in khaki uniforms and other attire that symbolized power and authority. The reason for this was to accurately simulate a real prison situation. What followed next was disturbing and something that the researchers did not expect. Within a span of one and a half days, the guards had taken full control over the prisoners and were aggressive towards them. In some instances, the guards physically abused the prisoners. In short, the guards undoubtedly enjoyed the exercise of power and often volunteered to extend their shifts. The Stanford Prison Experiment ended prematurely on the sixth day rather than the initial two weeks planned for it. This was much to the disappointment of the guards and elation of the prisoners. The researchers had to bring the experiment to a close because of the negative psychological effects it had on the prisoners. Indeed, several prisoners had to be sent home on the first and second day of the experiment because of severe psychological disturbances (Brady and Logsdon 706).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the premature end of the experiment, what took place in those six days of the experiment was enough for the researchers to make a valuable conclusion. The researchers concluded that the degree to which average people quickly conform to roles assigned to them on the basis of differences in power supports the situational hypothesis. This is the hypothesis that social context has a bigger impact on individual behavior than individual characteristics. The participants had taken their roles so seriously that they failed to differentiate between their selves and their roles. The participants who had been assigned to the role of inmates had indeed become inmates while those who had been assigned to the role of guards had indeed become guards and acted so. There was no line between reality and role playing (Brady and Logsdon 706). Works Cited Brady, Neil, and Jeanne Logsdon. â€Å"Zimbardo’s ‘Stanford Prison Experimentâ⠂¬â„¢ and the relevance O.† Journal of Business Ethics 7.9 (1988): 703-710. This essay on The Stanford Prison Experiment was written and submitted by user Natalia Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pulley system Lab report Essay Example

Pulley system Lab report Essay Example Pulley system Lab report Paper Pulley system Lab report Paper The objective of this lab was to study the change in force using pulley systems. Hypothesis: I think with the weight and the different number of pulley systems being added each time the weight will be easier to lift every time we add a weight. Procedure: To do this lab you must first search different pulley system diagrams. Then you must find a way to make those pulley systems you have chosen work using four items. Pulleys, ring pole, a weight of your choice, Newton spring scale, and string. The point of using a pulley system is to try and get the weight off the surface. So you must put the strings around each wheel and pull until the weight is off the surface. Once the weight is off the surface you write down using the Newton scale what the force was. You continue this for each pulley done. Apparatus: Pulleys, Newton spring scale, Ring pole, MGM weight Materials: string and scissors Data: Conclusion: Elevators use pulleys in order to function. A cargo lift that allows items to be hoisted to higher floors is a pulley system. Wells use the pulley system to bring the bucket up and down the well out. Construction pulleys are used in order to lift and place heavy materials. Curtains at a theatre are moved using pulley systems. Blinds on windows operate using a pulley system to move the blinds up and down. Flagpoles use pulleys in order to lift the flag up or to bring it down. Pulleys can be used to place bird feeders high in trees or on poles A crane is a type of pulley that is used in construction. Sails on sailboats are raised and lowered using pulleys. Garage doors raise and lower use a pulley system. Rock climbers use pulleys to help them to climb. Escalators use pulley systems to function. The examples above, a cable system works in order to make lifting easier or to make moving items easier. Pulleys are important to being able to move and lift very heavy or large items. The pulley system uses Newtons third law of motion. Newtons Third law is a force is a push or a pull upon an object that results from its interaction with another object.

Pachycephalosaurs - The Bone-Headed Dinosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs - The Bone-Headed Dinosaurs Pachycephalosaurs (Greek for thick-headed lizards) were an unusually small family of dinosaurs with an unusually high entertainment value. As you can guess from their name, these two-legged herbivores were distinguished by their skulls, which ranged from the mildly thick (in early genera like Wannanosaurus) to the truly dense (in later genera like Stegoceras). Some later pachycephalosaurs sported almost a foot of solid, albeit slightly porous, bone on top of their heads! (See a gallery of bone-headed dinosaur pictures and profiles.) However, its important to understand that big heads, in this case, didnt translate into equally big brains. Pachycephalosaurs were about as bright as the other plant-eating dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous period (which is a polite way of saying not very); their closest relatives, the ceratopsians, or horned, frilled dinosaurs, werent exactly natures A students, either. So of all the possible reasons pachycephalosaurs evolved such thick skulls, protecting their extra-big brains certainly wasnt one of them. Pachycephalosaur Evolution Based on the available fossil evidence, paleontologists believe that the very first pachycephalosaurssuch as Wannanosaurus and Goyocephalearose in Asia about 85 million years ago, only 20 million years before the dinosaurs went extinct. As is the case with most progenitor species, these early bone-headed dinosaurs were fairly small, with only slightly thickened skulls, and they may have roamed in herds as protection against hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Pachycephalosaur evolution really seems to have taken off when these early genera crossed the land bridge that (back during the late Cretaceous period) connected Eurasia and North America. The largest boneheads with the thickest skullsStegoceras, Stygimoloch and Sphaerotholusall roamed the woodlands of western North America, as did Dracorex hogwartsia, the only dinosaur ever to be named after the Harry Potter books. By the way, its especially difficult for experts to untangle the details of pachycephalosaur evolution, for the simple reason that so few complete fossil specimens have ever been discovered. As you might expect, these thick-skulled dinosaurs tend to be represented in the geological record mainly by their heads, their less-robust vertebrae, femurs and other bones having long since been scattered to the winds. Pachycephalosaur Behavior and Lifestyles Now we get to the million-dollar question: why did pachycephalosaurs have such thick skulls? Most paleontologists believe male boneheads head-butted each other for dominance in the herd and the right to mate with females, a behavior that can be seen in (for example) modern-day bighorn sheep. Some enterprising researchers have even conducted computer simulations, showing that two moderately sized pachycephalosaurs could ram each others noggins at high speed and live to tell the tale. Not everyone is convinced, though. Some people insist that high-speed head-butting would have produced too many casualties, and speculate that pachycephalosaurs instead used their heads to butt the flanks of competitors within the herd (or even smaller predators). However, it does seem odd that nature would evolve extra-thick skulls for this purpose, since non-pachycephalosaur dinosaurs could easily (and safely) butt each others flanks with their normal, non-thickened skulls. (The recent discovery of Texacephale, a small North American pachycephalosaur with shock-absorbing grooves on either side of its skull, lends some support to the head-butting-for-dominance theory.) By the way, the evolutionary relationships among different genera of pachycephalosaurs are still being sorted out, as are the growth stages of these strange dinosaurs. According to new research, its likely that two supposedly separate pachycephalosaur generaStygimoloch and Dracorexin fact represent earlier growth stages of the much bigger Pachycephalosaurus. If the skulls of these dinosaurs changed shape as they aged, that may mean that additional genera have been classified improperly, and were in fact species (or individuals) of existing dinosaurs.

Rocky (1976) - 5 Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rocky (1976) - 5 Question - Essay Example Identify aspects of sound in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how they affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the art of sound effects add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? Literal sound is mostly used in the picture in order to recreate realistic scenery of the events and capture Philadelphia area. For instance, Rocky`s shy visiting of the zoo store where Adrian works is adorned with birds twittering which creates romantic atmosphere. It helped to understand Rocky`s sensitive and irrational side. Identify the type of music in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how it affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the score or songs add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? Rocky`s ability to be tough and determined on the boxing ring and tender in relationship is captured in the soundtrack. When it is needed the hero along with the sound becomes strong and aggressive but in intimate moments delicate music shows his loving nature. The main song â€Å"Gonna fly now† underlines Rocky`s struggle for life and for victory. Identify the types of editing in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how it affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the different types of shots and framing add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? The montage of the film concentrates on shots which show Rocky`s gradual transformation. Some shots (as jogging near the sea port) are excessively long and acquire symbolic meaning. Moreover, quick-cutting montage is balanced with long and picturesque scenes. â€Å"Rocky`s† editing has determined some meditative pace along with logical ad coherent structure. You have engaged your critical thinking skills by becoming aware of and assessing various elements of film. How do these exercises connect the study of film to real-world experience? Additionally, in what other ways do films have cultural value? Explain

Activities to enhance learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Activities to enhance learning - Essay Example Technology can be used to enhance learning and education. Traditional classrooms are increasingly being replaced by virtual classrooms in the globalized education system. Some of the systems that can be used in the promotion of online learning include the use of the audience response systems and clickers. At the same time, advanced institutions are using simulation in the laboratories to prepare the students from the professional market experiences. Distance learning happens when the learner is separated from the teacher geographically and time-wise. According to instructional technology, distance learning is the process of extending resource sharing opportunities to other classrooms through the use of video and multimedia communications. This essay aims at having a creative look into the online activities that enhance student learning, assessment and engagement through critical thinking. These analytical suggestions can greatly improve the learning outcomes of the N534 course. The I nternet is one of the most important media when it comes to online learning environment and technology. Online learning especially in nursing is known to reduce time and space barriers in the process of learning. Online learning can be entirely electronic or a hybrid of learning environments. Hybrid learning tends to combine virtual learning strategies with face-to-face learning. The Internet is known to have introduced the concept of pluralisation of place. This means that persons and participate in multiple environments using a virtual atmosphere. In the case of online learning, the instructor is responsible for moderating and mentoring students. However, the students are expected to have a strong self-drive. The e-learning atmosphere is known to provide a platform for students’ discussions across the continents (Allen, 2007). Students in a nursing class can access online resources, share important documents through online applications and submit examination in the online c lassroom (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). Technology has allowed online students to interact with faculties and mentors. In the online learning environment, materials are presented through videotaping, audio taping, and links to websites. There are interactive websites designed to host online learning environments (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). In the case of learning environments, the interaction can be real-time, which is also known as synchronous, or asynchronous. Synchronous online interactions entail the use of chat room in the process of teaching (Allen, 2007). This involves typing. Asynchronous communication means leaving messages that others can read in their convenience (Shea-Schultz & Fogarty, 2002). In the online learning strategy, the entire programs and group courses are offered online. Online learners can attend virtual universities like California Virtual University. There are unique materials that serve as a means of promoting online learning and teaching. Successful learning must be as sessed on a regular basis. The method of learning has a great impact in the process of learning (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). The entire process and assessment of learning require substantial institutional and financial investment. Institutions must invest in faculty development, infrastructure, and equipment. Technology aided teaching strategies dramatically affect the way teaching and learning occurs. This challenges the traditional relationship between academic institutions and students. Students must be encouraged to participate in the learning process. This entails inviting them to speak in the classroom (Shea-Schultz & Fogarty, 2002). This learning strategy can have a profound effect if the teacher creates a safe environment for the students to learn. The teacher is expected to summarize discussion from time to time. This helps in highlighting key points and allows students to follow on the discussion (Allen, 2007). Th